# ShardTools: Full Tool Reference > Shard Tools (https://shard.tools) offers browser-local file and data utilities without an account. Browser tool pages process selected files on the visitor's device and display a live network-activity readout. The separate optional MCP endpoint at https://shard.tools/mcp can run no-file calculations or Edge Assisted file actions; the latter send file bytes to Cloudflare for that request. Tools include image and PDF operations, format converters, validators, calculators and browser-generated business documents. Core facts: free browser tools; no Shard Tools account required; browser file actions stay on device; optional Edge Assisted MCP file actions send bytes to Cloudflare; no-file MCP calculations send their inputs; check each tool's output and limitations. Exact-constraint tools target tasks such as image compression to 100KB and passport photos at 35x45mm. ## Image tools ### 2×2 Inch Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/2x2-inch-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 2×2 in (51×51 mm) 2×2 inch photo, in your browser. A 2×2 inch photo - 51×51 mm, 600×600 pixels at print resolution - is the square ID-photo format used by US passports and many other applications and forms worldwide. This tool crops and sizes any photo to exactly 2×2 inches in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide, so a phone snap against a plain wall becomes a correctly proportioned square. Q: What is a 2×2 inch photo in pixels? A: 600×600 pixels at 300 DPI. It is the US passport standard and a widely requested ID-photo size. This tool outputs exactly that. ### 35×45 mm Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/35x45mm-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm 35×45 mm photo, in your browser. A 35×45 mm photo - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - is the ICAO international standard used by the UK, the EU, India, Australia and most of the world for passports and visas. This tool crops and sizes any photo to exactly 35×45 mm in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide, turning a plain-background phone photo into the correct portrait format. Q: Which countries use 35×45 mm photos? A: Most of the world, including the UK, the EU/Schengen area, India (since Sep 2025) and Australia. It is the ICAO standard. Head size and background rules vary slightly by country. ### Australia Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/australia-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm Australia passport photo, in your browser. An Australian passport photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - with the face 32 to 36 mm from chin to crown on a plain white or light grey background, a neutral expression and no glasses. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval to frame the face. Q: Can I wear glasses in an Australian passport photo? A: No - the Australian Passport Office does not allow glasses, even without glare. Take the photo without them. This tool sets the 35×45 mm size and framing. ### AVIF to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/avif-to-jpg Turn an AVIF image into a JPG your software will actually open. Runs in your browser with no upload. AVIF is the newest of the mainstream web image formats and the one most likely to leave you stuck. Browsers adopted it quickly because it compresses better than anything before it, so images saved from a modern website increasingly arrive as .avif - and then the photo editor, the print shop's upload form, or the office suite refuses to touch it. Q: Why can I view AVIF but not edit it? A: Browsers added AVIF decoding early because it saves bandwidth on web pages. Desktop applications update on much slower cycles, and many still have no AVIF support at all. ### AVIF to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/avif-to-png Convert AVIF to PNG in your browser and keep the transparent background a JPG conversion would flatten. Pick PNG rather than JPG when the AVIF has a transparent background you need to keep. AVIF stores a full alpha channel, and so does PNG, so the transparency passes through untouched; JPEG has no alpha at all and would silently paint white behind your artwork with no way to undo it afterwards. Q: Does the transparent background survive? A: Yes. Both formats carry a real alpha channel, so cut-outs, soft shadows and rounded edges all come through intact. ### AVIF to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/avif-to-webp Convert AVIF to WebP in your browser when a tool or platform supports WebP but not the newer format. This is the compatibility step for anyone caught between two generations of web image format. WebP arrived around 2010 and is now supported essentially everywhere, including build tools, content management systems, mobile app frameworks and image pipelines. Q: Which format is actually smaller? A: AVIF, usually by a noticeable margin at the same visual quality. You are converting for compatibility, not for size, so expect a modest increase. ### Background Remover URL: https://shard.tools/tools/background-remover Remove a photo background on your device and download a full-size transparent PNG without uploading the image. A background remover separates the foreground subject from the pixels behind it and writes the result with transparency. Most online removers perform that work on a remote server, which means the original portrait, staff photograph, product shot, or family image must be uploaded before the user can even judge the result. Q: Does the background remover upload my photo? A: No. The model files are downloaded from shard.tools, then inference, masking, PNG creation, preview, and download happen in the browser. The site Content Security Policy blocks connections to third-party model hosts. ### BMP to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bmp-to-jpg Convert a BMP to JPG in your browser. BMP files are uncompressed, so the saving is usually enormous. A BMP file stores every pixel at full size with essentially no compression, which makes it the largest common image format by a wide margin. A photograph that occupies two megabytes as a JPEG can easily take thirty as a BMP, holding exactly the same picture. Q: Why are BMP files so large? A: Because BMP stores each pixel individually with no compression. A three-megapixel image needs roughly nine megabytes regardless of content. ### BMP to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bmp-to-png Convert BMP to PNG in your browser. Lossless, so nothing is degraded, and typically a fraction of the original size. This is the conversion to choose when the image must not change at all. PNG is lossless, meaning every pixel is reproduced exactly as the BMP held it, and yet the file is usually far smaller - often a fifth of the size or less. Q: Is any quality lost? A: None. PNG is lossless, so the pixels are identical to the BMP. ### BMP to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bmp-to-webp Convert BMP to WebP in your browser for the smallest file of the three options, with transparency preserved. If the destination is a web page, WebP is the best of the three targets available for a BMP. It compresses more efficiently than JPEG at the same visible quality, and unlike JPEG it keeps an alpha channel, so a 32-bit BMP with transparency survives the trip. Q: Which target gives the smallest file? A: WebP, usually by a clear margin over JPEG and by an enormous margin over the original BMP. ### Canada Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/canada-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 50×70 mm (2×2¾ in) Canada passport photo, in your browser. A Canadian passport photo is 50×70 mm - 2 by 2¾ inches, 591×827 pixels at print resolution - a distinctly tall format with the face 31 to 36 mm from chin to crown on a plain white or light background. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide. Q: What size is a Canadian passport photo? A: 50×70 mm (2×2¾ in), which is 591×827 px at 300 DPI - taller than most. The face must be 31–36 mm chin-to-crown. Canada also requires a commercial photographer. ### China Visa Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/china-visa-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 33×48 mm China visa photo, in your browser. A China visa photo uses a 33×48 mm physical frame - 390×567 pixels when prepared for printing at 300 DPI - with the head generally 28 to 33 mm from chin to crown and a plain white background. This tool locks the crop to that physical format and overlays a head-position guide while you move and zoom the photograph. Q: What size is a China visa photo? A: 33×48 mm (390×567 px at 300 DPI), head 28–33 mm chin-to-crown, on a plain white background only. This tool outputs that exact size. ### Circle Crop Image URL: https://shard.tools/tools/circle-crop-image Position a circular crop and download a genuinely transparent round PNG from your browser. A circle crop is not merely a square picture displayed with rounded CSS. The file itself needs transparent pixels outside the circle, otherwise the corners return as soon as the image is placed in a document, presentation, profile system, or design editor that does not apply the same styling. Q: Is the downloaded image really circular? A: With PNG or WebP, yes: pixels outside the circle are transparent, so only the circular image is visible. The file still has square pixel dimensions because every raster file has a rectangular canvas, but the corners contain no visible pixels. ### Compress Image to 100KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-image-to-100kb Hit a hard 100KB upload limit exactly. Binary-search compression runs in your browser, so the photo never leaves your device. JPG, PNG, and WebP. Most compressors ask how much quality you want to lose. That is the wrong question when a form rejects anything over 100KB. Q: Is my photo uploaded to a server? A: No. This browser tool compresses the image with the canvas API. Open the browser Network panel while compressing to confirm that no request carries the selected image. Edge Assisted MCP file actions are a separate workflow. ### Compress image to 1MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-image-to-1mb Prepare a JPEG locally and check its size and detail. This page converts a supported source image into a JPEG with a 1MB target. It is useful when you want a larger budget for photographs than the smaller KB presets allow. Q: Does 1MB guarantee no visible quality change? A: No. The result depends on the source and how it will be viewed. Check the parts containing the information you need rather than assuming a file-size threshold makes compression invisible. ### Compress image to 200KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-image-to-200kb Prepare a JPEG locally and check its size and detail. Prepare a mixed-format image for a 200KB limit when the destination accepts JPEG. The input may be a photograph, a PNG screenshot or another image your browser can decode; this preset produces JPEG, so the output type can differ from the source. Q: Will the input format stay the same? A: This mixed-input preset exports JPEG. Use a format-specific tool when the recipient requires PNG or another format. Changing only the filename extension does not change the encoded output. ### Compress Image to 20KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-image-to-20kb Reduce an image below 20KB for strict online forms. The browser searches quality and dimensions locally without uploading your file. Twenty kilobytes is not a normal web-photo target; it is a constraint imposed by old or highly restrictive upload systems. At this size, the useful question is not whether compression is lossless. Q: Can an image still look good at 20KB? A: Yes for small portraits, signatures, and simple graphics, but not at full phone-camera dimensions. A useful result normally requires a tight crop and fewer pixels. ### Compress image to 500KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-image-to-500kb Prepare a JPEG locally and check its size and detail. Use a 500KB JPEG output when you have images from different sources but need consistent attachments. A camera photo, downloaded WebP and PNG screenshot may all decode in the browser, yet their suitability for JPEG differs. Q: Is half a megabyte enough for a clear image? A: Clarity depends on dimensions, content and viewing scale. A simple graphic and a high-detail photograph can need different budgets. The result preview is useful, but open the saved output before using it. ### Compress JPG to 100KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-jpg-to-100kb Bring a JPG under 100KB in your browser. Quality is searched to the highest setting that still fits, dimensions are kept when possible, and nothing is uploaded. A JPG that has to come in under 100KB is almost always a photograph, and a photograph that has already been compressed once. That second point changes everything about what happens next. Q: Why is this separate from the general image compressor? A: Because the input is fixed to JPG, the advice can be specific. A JPG has already been compressed once, so the trade-offs, the failure signs, and the sensible starting point all differ from those for a screenshot or a freshly exported graphic. ### Compress JPG to 1MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-jpg-to-1mb Prepare a JPG for a 1MB allowance and verify the receiving portal's rules. A camera photo may exceed a one-megabyte upload limit even when its pixel dimensions are acceptable. This compressor keeps JPEG output and processes the image in your browser. Q: Can compression preserve the original dimensions? A: Sometimes quality adjustment alone is sufficient. If it is not, the search tries smaller dimensions. The output measurements, not the target label, show what happened. ### Compress JPG to 200KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-jpg-to-200kb Target a 200KB JPG and check its size and detail before uploading. Prepare a JPG or JPEG for a small upload allowance without changing to another format. This tool searches JPEG encoding quality first, then tries smaller pixel dimensions if needed. Q: Will the download be exactly 200KB? A: No. The target is an upper bound when compression succeeds, not a request to pad a smaller image. Some inputs may remain above the selected limit. ### Compress JPG to 20KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-jpg-to-20kb Bring a JPG under 20KB, without uploading it. Twenty kilobytes is the territory of the strictest upload caps - government examination portals, older job boards, and identity-document forms that reject anything larger. Reaching it takes real compression, and this tool is candid that a photograph squeezed this hard will show the strain around fine detail and text. Q: Why does my JPG look rough at 20KB? A: Twenty kilobytes is extremely small for a photo, so visible compression is unavoidable. The tool keeps it as clear as 20KB allows, but a larger limit will always look better if the form accepts one. ### Compress JPG to 500KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-jpg-to-500kb Prepare a JPEG locally and check its size and detail. Reduce an existing JPEG for a 500KB upload ceiling and check whether the retained detail suits its use. JPEG is already compressed, so savings depend on the source dimensions, encoding and image content. Q: Is re-encoding an existing JPG lossless? A: No. Changing JPEG quality normally changes encoded pixel information, and resizing removes spatial detail. A similar-looking result is not evidence of byte-for-byte or pixel-for-pixel preservation. ### Compress PNG to 100KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-png-to-100kb Get a PNG under 100KB in your browser. PNG has no quality dial, so the size is reached by reducing pixel dimensions - shown plainly, with nothing uploaded. PNG works differently from every other format on this site, and the difference decides what this page can honestly promise. PNG is lossless: it stores every pixel exactly, and it has no quality setting to turn down. Q: Why does the image get smaller in dimensions rather than in quality? A: Because PNG has no quality control to adjust. It is a lossless format that reproduces every pixel exactly, so the only way to reduce the byte count is to store fewer pixels. Any tool claiming to reduce PNG quality is either changing the format or reducing the colour palette. ### Compress PNG to 200KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-png-to-200kb Reduce a PNG locally and inspect its dimensions and transparency. Use this PNG preset when the output needs transparency or the receiving system specifically requests PNG below 200KB. PNG encoding preserves the pixels it encodes, but making the image smaller in dimensions changes those pixels. Q: Does this reduce PNG quality like JPEG? A: The PNG path encodes without a lossy quality parameter. When it needs stronger reduction, it can resize the image. The transparency can remain, but fine spatial detail can be lost through that resize. ### Compress PNG to 500KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-png-to-500kb Reduce a PNG locally and inspect its dimensions and transparency. The 500KB PNG preset is intended for screenshots, interface graphics and transparent artwork that should remain PNG. It gives more byte budget than the smaller PNG presets, but does not promise an invisible transformation. Q: Will every visible detail survive 500KB? A: There is no such guarantee. A PNG encoding preserves candidate pixels, but a candidate may have fewer pixels than the source. Inspect the elements that carry the information you need. ### Compress PNG to 50KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-png-to-50kb Reduce a PNG locally and inspect its dimensions and transparency. A 50KB PNG target is a tight budget for icons and small transparent graphics. Use it only when the receiver's file-size rule calls for that ceiling. Q: Is a 50KB PNG automatically suitable as an icon? A: No. An icon also needs appropriate dimensions, contrast and a recognizable shape at its display size. Byte count measures storage, not visual clarity. ### Crop Image URL: https://shard.tools/tools/crop-image Crop an image online to a custom or fixed shape, then download JPG, PNG, or WebP locally with no upload. Cropping is the most common edit anyone makes and the one most often done badly by web tools. The usual failure is quiet: the site shows a small preview, you draw a box on it, and the file you get back is the size of that preview rather than the size of your photo. Q: Does cropping reduce the quality of what remains? A: The pixels you keep are read from the original at full resolution, so nothing is scaled down. Saving as JPG or WebP does apply the usual lossy encoding to that region, so choose PNG if you want the kept pixels preserved exactly. ### Custom Banner Maker URL: https://shard.tools/tools/custom-banner-maker Create a banner at any exact pixel size. Drag, zoom, crop, and download locally in your browser with no upload. Most banner tools assume you already know the platform's standard size. This one is for everything else: a storefront header, community cover, email strip, website hero, or a size that a form gives you in pixels. Q: Can I make a banner at any size? A: Yes. Enter the exact width and height in pixels, then download a banner at those dimensions. ### Germany Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/germany-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm Germany passport photo, in your browser. A Germany passport photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - the biometric Schengen format, with the face 32 to 36 mm from chin to crown on a plain light grey background. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide. Q: What background does a German passport photo need? A: A plain light grey background is preferred for the biometric check, on the 35×45 mm (413×531 px) Schengen format with the head 32–36 mm chin-to-crown. ### GIF to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gif-to-jpg Turn a GIF into a JPG your software will accept. Runs in your browser with nothing uploaded. This conversion is almost always about compatibility rather than quality, and it is worth being clear that the picture will not improve. GIF stores at most 256 colours, so whatever was lost when the palette was built is already gone; JPEG then applies its own lossy compression on top of that. Q: Will the animation be kept? A: No. JPEG stores a single image, so only the first frame survives. The remaining frames are not extracted. ### GIF to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gif-to-png Convert a GIF to PNG in your browser. Transparency is preserved and the colour limit is lifted for future edits. PNG was designed as GIF's replacement, and converting between them moves an image from a format built in 1987 to one built to fix its limitations. The most consequential of those limitations is colour: a GIF can hold at most 256 distinct colours in its palette, which is why photographs saved as GIF look speckled and why gradients break into visible bands. Q: Will my animation still play? A: No. PNG holds one image, so only the first frame converts. Animated PNG exists but cannot be produced by a browser's encoder. ### GIF to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gif-to-webp Convert a GIF to WebP in your browser. Keeps transparency and produces a much smaller file for web use. GIF is a remarkably inefficient way to store an image on a modern web page, and WebP is the natural replacement. The reason is structural: GIF compresses with an algorithm designed in the 1980s around a 256-colour palette, while WebP uses prediction techniques borrowed from video compression. Q: Can I keep the animation? A: Not here. Animated WebP exists but requires a dedicated encoder; a browser canvas writes one frame at a time. ### HEIC to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/heic-to-jpg Convert a HEIC or HEIF photo to a widely compatible JPG without uploading it. The decoder loads only when you use the tool. HEIC stores photographs efficiently, but many forms, editors, messaging systems, and older applications still request JPEG. The incompatibility often appears at the worst moment: the photo opens correctly on an iPhone but is rejected by a desktop upload field. Q: Why is the JPG larger than the HEIC? A: HEIC generally achieves better compression than JPEG at similar visual quality. The purpose of conversion is compatibility, so a larger result is possible and normal. ### HEIC to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/heic-to-png Convert iPhone HEIC photos to PNG in your browser. Lossless output with no second round of compression. Choosing PNG over JPG for an iPhone photo is a decision about what happens next to the image rather than about how it looks today. HEIC is a lossy format, so the camera has already discarded detail; converting to JPG discards a little more, and every subsequent save discards more again. Q: Should I pick PNG or JPG? A: PNG when the image will be edited and re-saved, or when it is a screenshot with sharp edges. JPG for ordinary photographs you are sending on, because the file will be far smaller. ### HEIC to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/heic-to-webp Convert iPhone HEIC photos straight to WebP in your browser, keeping files small for websites without a detour through JPG. If an iPhone photo is destined for a web page, WebP is the sensible landing point and going via JPG is a detour that costs quality. Both HEIC and WebP are modern lossy formats built on video-codec techniques, so converting between them is one generation of loss rather than the two you incur by making a JPG first and converting that. Q: Why not convert to JPG and then to WebP? A: Because that is two rounds of lossy compression instead of one. Going straight to WebP keeps more of the original detail at the same file size. ### ICO to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ico-to-jpg Convert an ICO icon to JPG in your browser. Transparent areas become white, as JPEG requires. This conversion is occasionally necessary and usually not the right choice, which is worth saying plainly before you make it. Icons exist to sit on top of other things - a taskbar, a browser tab, a document background - and the property that lets them do that is transparency. Q: Why does my icon have a white box around it? A: Because JPEG cannot store transparency, so the transparent area had to be filled with a colour. Use the PNG converter to keep the cut-out. ### ICO to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ico-to-png Convert a Windows ICO or favicon to PNG in your browser, keeping the transparency that makes an icon usable. An ICO file is not really a single image; it is a container holding several versions of the same icon at different sizes, so that Windows can show a crisp version whether it is drawing a 16-pixel entry in a menu or a 256-pixel tile on a desktop. That structure is why converting one is slightly unusual: something has to choose which size comes out. Q: Which size will I get? A: Whichever the browser picks from the container, normally the largest. The output dimensions are displayed so you can see. ### ICO to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ico-to-webp Convert an ICO icon to WebP in your browser. Keeps transparency and produces a smaller file than PNG. WebP sits between the other two options for an icon and often wins on the practical measures. Like PNG it carries a full alpha channel, so the transparency that makes an icon usable survives and the anti-aliased edges stay soft. Q: WebP or PNG for an icon? A: WebP for a web page, since it is smaller. PNG when the icon will be edited, shared, or must be exactly pixel-perfect. ### India OCI Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/oci-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 2×2 in (51×51 mm) India OCI photo, in your browser. An India OCI photo - for an Overseas Citizen of India card - is 2×2 inches, 51×51 mm, 600×600 pixels at print resolution, on a plain light-coloured background. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that square in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide. Q: Does an OCI photo need a white background? A: No - this is the key trap. The OCI portal asks for a plain light-coloured background, not pure white. The size is 2×2 in (600×600 px). ### India Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/india-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm India passport photo, in your browser. An Indian passport photo is now 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - following the ICAO standard that became mandatory on 1 September 2025, replacing the older 2×2 inch square. The head should sit high in the frame on a plain white or very light background. Q: Has the Indian passport photo size changed? A: Yes. Since 1 September 2025 it is 35×45 mm (ICAO), replacing the old 2×2 inch square. This tool outputs the current 35×45 mm size. ### Japan Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/japan-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm Japan passport photo, in your browser. A Japan passport photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - with the face 32 to 36 mm from chin to crown on a plain white background, following the ICAO biometric standard set by Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide. Q: What size is a Japanese passport photo? A: 35×45 mm (413×531 px at 300 DPI), head 32–36 mm chin-to-crown, on a plain white background. It follows the ICAO standard. ### JPG to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jpg-to-webp Re-encode a JPG photo as WebP in your browser to cut page weight. Compare the before and after byte counts before you download. Converting a photograph from JPG to WebP is usually a page-speed decision rather than a compatibility one. WebP applies newer prediction and entropy coding than the 1992 JPEG standard, so for the same perceived quality it typically lands somewhere between a fifth and a third smaller on photographic content. Q: How much smaller will my file be? A: For a typical photograph, expect roughly 20 to 35 percent. The figure depends heavily on how aggressively the source JPG was compressed, so the page shows you both byte counts rather than quoting an average. ### JPG Under 50KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jpg-under-50kb Make a JPG fit below a 50KB upload limit while retaining the best available quality. Compression runs locally in your browser. A 50KB limit is common on application portals that were designed for small ID photographs rather than modern phone cameras. The requirement is binary: 50,001 bytes can be rejected even when the picture looks identical to a compliant one. Q: Why did the image dimensions change? A: The engine first tries quality adjustment at the available dimensions. It reduces dimensions only when the file cannot fit below 50KB at the lowest useful JPEG quality. ### JPG/JPEG to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jpg-to-png Convert JPG or JPEG images to PNG directly in your browser. Keep the original dimensions, inspect the output size, and download without uploading the file. JPG and JPEG are two names for the same image format. PNG is a different format with lossless compression and broad support in graphics, document, presentation, and web software. Q: Are JPG and JPEG different formats? A: No. They are different filename extensions for the same JPEG image format. The shorter .jpg form became common on systems that historically limited extensions to three characters. ### Philippines Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/philippines-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm Philippines passport photo, in your browser. A Philippine passport photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - the ICAO standard used by the DFA for e-passports, NOT the 2×2 inch square that countless websites wrongly cite. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly the correct 35×45 mm in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide, so you are not caught out by the widespread misinformation. Q: Is a Philippine passport photo 2x2 inches? A: No - that is a common error. The DFA e-passport uses 35×45 mm (ICAO). The 2×2 inch square is only for other forms like NBI clearance, not the passport. ### PNG to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/png-to-jpg Convert PNG to JPG locally in your browser. Transparent pixels are placed on white, dimensions stay unchanged, and the image is never uploaded. PNG is excellent for transparent graphics, screenshots, diagrams, and images that need exact pixel preservation. It is not accepted everywhere, and photographic PNG files can be unnecessarily large. Q: What happens to transparent PNG areas? A: They are composited onto white before JPEG encoding. JPEG cannot store transparency, so the background color becomes permanent in the downloaded file. ### PNG to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/png-to-webp Convert PNG to WebP in your browser. Transparency survives the conversion, unlike PNG to JPG, and the file usually gets much smaller. PNG to WebP is the conversion where the numbers get dramatic, and it is the one that solves a problem PNG to JPG cannot. WebP carries a full alpha channel, so a logo with a transparent background stays transparent instead of being flattened onto white. Q: Does transparency survive? A: Yes. WebP has a real alpha channel, which is the main reason to choose it over JPG for logos, icons, and cut-out product images. ### Resize Image to 200x200 URL: https://shard.tools/tools/resize-image-to-200x200 Create an exact 200×200 image with a crop or a fitted background, without stretching or uploading it. An exact 200×200 requirement defines a square canvas, not merely a maximum width. A rectangular photograph must therefore be handled in one of two honest ways: crop part of the image so the square is completely filled, or preserve the complete image and add background around it. Q: Why is my 200-by-200 photo still rejected? A: Open the downloaded file's properties and confirm its width and height are both 200 pixels. Then check the portal's separate KB limit and accepted format: this tool exports JPEG, and 200-by-200 pixels does not guarantee a particular byte size. Inspect the actual downloaded file rather than the original or a screenshot of the preview. A portal may also require a specific background or face framing that this resizer does not validate. ### Resize Image to 400×400 URL: https://shard.tools/tools/resize-image-to-400x400 Make a 400 by 400 image and choose how the source fits. A 400 by 400 output gives a profile or product picture a square canvas, but it does not guarantee sharpness. The source resolution, focus and crop determine how much useful information remains. Q: Does cover stretch the picture? A: Cover keeps the source proportions and trims overflow. Contain also keeps proportions but leaves background space. Neither choice needs to distort a circle into an ellipse to fill the square. ### Resize Image to 64×64 URL: https://shard.tools/tools/resize-image-to-64x64 Make a 64 by 64 image and choose how the source fits. A 64 by 64 image is small enough that composition matters more than fine detail. Use this preset for a receiving field that actually requests that pixel size. Q: Does cover stretch the picture? A: Cover keeps the source proportions and trims overflow. Contain also keeps proportions but leaves background space. Neither choice needs to distort a circle into an ellipse to fill the square. ### Schengen Visa Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/schengen-visa-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm Schengen visa photo, in your browser. A Schengen visa photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - with the face filling roughly 70–80% of the frame, 32 to 36 mm from chin to crown, on a light grey or light blue background. The format is defined by the EU Visa Code and is the same across all 27 Schengen countries, so one correctly sized photo works for any of them. Q: Is one photo valid for all Schengen countries? A: Yes - the 35×45 mm format with a light background is defined by the EU Visa Code and shared across all 27 Schengen states, so a compliant photo works for any of them. ### SVG to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/svg-to-jpg Render an SVG to JPG at any scale in your browser. Transparent areas become white, as JPEG requires. JPG is the right destination for an SVG only in specific circumstances, and it is worth checking you are in one before converting. JPEG cannot store transparency, so any transparent region in the vector artwork will be filled with solid white - irreversibly. Q: Why is the background white? A: JPEG has no way to record transparency, so a colour has to be composited behind the artwork. White is the conventional choice. ### SVG to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/svg-to-png Rasterize an SVG to PNG at the size you pick, with transparency preserved. Reads the viewBox so the output is not squashed to 300x150. An SVG describes shapes rather than pixels, so converting one to PNG means choosing a size - and that choice is where most converters quietly get it wrong. An SVG only has an intrinsic pixel size if its opening tag carries width and height attributes. Q: Why did another tool give me a 300 by 150 image? A: Because the SVG has no width and height attributes, and that is the size a browser assumes for a replaced element with no intrinsic dimensions. Reading the viewBox instead is the fix. ### SVG to WebP URL: https://shard.tools/tools/svg-to-webp Rasterize an SVG to WebP at the size you choose. Keeps transparency and produces a smaller file than PNG. Converting a vector file to WebP sits between the other two options and often wins on the practical measures. Like PNG it carries an alpha channel, so a transparent background survives; unlike PNG it compresses far more aggressively, which matters when the artwork is destined for a web page where every kilobyte affects load time. Q: Why not just use the SVG? A: When you can, do. Rasterize when the destination rejects SVG, when the artwork is complex enough to slow rendering, or when you need a fixed pixel result. ### UAE Visa Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/uae-visa-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 43×55 mm UAE visa photo, in your browser. A UAE visa photo - for Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the wider Emirates - is 43×55 mm, 508×650 pixels at print resolution, with the face filling roughly 70 to 80% of the frame on a plain white background. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval as a guide. Q: What size is a UAE visa photo? A: 43×55 mm (508×650 px at 300 DPI), on a plain white background, with the face filling about 70–80% of the frame. It is unique to the UAE. ### UK Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/uk-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 35×45 mm UK passport photo, in your browser. A UK passport photo is 35×45 mm - 413×531 pixels at print resolution - with your face measuring 29 to 34 mm from chin to crown, on a plain light grey or cream background, with a neutral expression. This tool crops and sizes your photo to exactly that in your browser, with a head-position oval to help you frame it. Q: What size is a UK passport photo? A: 35×45 mm (413×531 px at 300 DPI). The face must be 29–34 mm chin-to-crown on a plain light grey or cream background. ### US Passport Photo URL: https://shard.tools/tools/us-passport-photo Crop and size a photo to an exact 2×2 in (51×51 mm) US passport photo, in your browser. A US passport photo is a 2×2 inch square - 51×51 mm, or 600×600 pixels at print resolution - with your head between 1 and 1⅜ inches (25–35 mm) from chin to crown on a plain white or off-white background. This tool crops and sizes your own photo to exactly that, in your browser, with a head-position oval to line the face up. Q: What size is a US passport photo? A: 2×2 inches (51×51 mm), which is 600×600 pixels at 300 DPI. The head must be 25–35 mm from chin to crown on a white or off-white background. ### WebP to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/webp-to-jpg Turn a WebP image into a compatible JPG directly in your browser. Preview dimensions and file size before downloading. WebP is common on the web because it can reduce transfer size, yet downloaded WebP files still cause friction in older editors, document software, print services, and upload portals that accept only JPG. Renaming the extension does not change the file's encoding; software reads the bytes and still sees WebP. Q: Can I rename .webp to .jpg instead? A: No. Renaming changes only the label. The bytes remain WebP, so software that inspects the file format will still reject or misread it. ### WebP to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/webp-to-png Convert a WebP file to PNG in your browser and keep the transparent background that a JPG conversion would destroy. Choose PNG over JPG when converting a WebP for exactly one reason: the image has a transparent background and you need to keep it. JPEG has no alpha channel at all, so converting a cut-out logo or an icon that route silently paints white behind it, and there is no undoing that afterwards. Q: Why is my PNG larger than the WebP? A: PNG is lossless, so it stores every pixel exactly rather than approximating them. The WebP was smaller because it was allowed to throw information away. Growth here is normal, not a fault. ### YouTube Banner Maker URL: https://shard.tools/tools/youtube-banner-maker Make a 2560x1440 YouTube banner with live TV, desktop, and mobile safe-zone guides. Runs in your browser. The YouTube banner problem is not the size - it is the crop. You upload one 2560 by 1440 image, and YouTube then shows a different slice of it to every device: a television displays the whole canvas, a desktop browser shows only a 2560 by 423 strip through the middle, and a phone narrows that strip further, so the only region guaranteed visible everywhere is the central 1546 by 423 pixels. Q: What size is a YouTube banner? A: The upload is 2560 by 1440 pixels, with a 6MB file limit. But devices crop it: desktop shows a 2560 by 423 strip, and the area visible everywhere is the central 1546 by 423. ## PDF tools ### Add Page Numbers to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/add-page-numbers-to-pdf Stamp page numbers onto an existing PDF in your browser. Choose the position, the starting number and which page to begin on. Documents assembled from several sources arrive without numbering, and numbering is what makes them usable: a court bundle, a tender submission, a set of appendices that someone has to cite in a meeting. Adding numbers after assembly is the normal workflow, because numbering before merging produces several sequences that all start at one. Q: Can I skip the cover page? A: Yes. Set the first numbered page to 2 or later. Anything before it is left untouched, and you can independently choose what number the sequence starts from. ### Add Watermark to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/add-watermark-to-pdf Add a custom text watermark to all or selected PDF pages. Control opacity, size and angle without uploading the document. A watermark gives a document visible context after it leaves the person who prepared it. Labels such as DRAFT, CONFIDENTIAL, SAMPLE or a recipient name can discourage casual redistribution and prevent an unfinished copy from being mistaken for the approved version. Q: Can I watermark selected pages only? A: Yes. Enter individual pages and ranges, or leave the field empty to mark every page. ### Bates Numbering PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bates-numbering-pdf Add Bates numbers to a PDF locally in your browser. Set prefix, suffix, start number, padding and position with no upload. Bates numbering gives every page in a legal, compliance or review bundle a stable identifier. Ordinary page numbers say where a sheet appears in one document; Bates numbers identify the sheet itself with a prefix, a padded sequence and often a matter or production code. Q: What is Bates numbering? A: It is a page-identification system used for legal and document-review sets. A visible code is stamped on each page, usually with a prefix and zero-padded sequence. ### Compress PDF to 100KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-pdf-to-100kb Reduce your PDF locally and check whether the selected size target was reached. A 100KB ceiling leaves little room for page images. Use this page when the receiving form explicitly requires a very small PDF, and keep the original available while testing the result. Q: Is this 100,000 bytes? A: The preset uses 100 x 1024 = 102,400 bytes. If the destination means 100,000 bytes, choose a lower custom target and check the actual download; a rounded KB label can conceal the difference. ### Compress PDF to 1MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-pdf-to-1mb Reduce your PDF locally and check whether the selected size target was reached. A 1MB PDF limit is often easier to work within than a few hundred kilobytes, but it still depends on what the document contains. A text export, a scanned invoice bundle and a illustrated manual can have very different compression behavior at the same original size. Q: Can this reduce a PDF without scanning it again? A: Yes. Work from the existing PDF rather than printing and rescanning. The tool first tries to rewrite its structure; if that cannot fit, it can render pages locally. Neither path requires a physical scanner. ### Compress PDF to 200KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-pdf-to-200kb Reduce a PDF below 200KB entirely in your browser. Lossless-first compression, exact-size search, no file upload, and a local download. A portal that says a PDF must be under 200KB does not care whether a compressor calls its setting medium or strong. It checks the final byte count. Q: Will the result be exactly 200KB? A: It will aim to be at or below 200KB, not padded to exactly that number. A 193KB file passes the same ceiling and usually preserves more useful quality than adding meaningless bytes to reach an exact display value. ### Compress PDF to 300KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-pdf-to-300kb Bring a PDF under 300KB, without uploading it. This tool treats 300KB as the limit for the entire downloaded PDF, not for each page. It first checks whether the original already fits, then attempts a structural rewrite before considering raster compression. Q: Will text stay sharp at 300KB? A: It depends on page count, scan detail and how much compression is needed. A structural rewrite can retain text, while rasterisation can soften small print and remove selectable text. Open the downloaded PDF and inspect every page, especially names, dates, stamps and fine text. A successful size check is not a readability check. ### Compress PDF to 500KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compress-pdf-to-500kb Reduce your PDF locally and check whether the selected size target was reached. Use the 500KB PDF target for a form or service that rejects a larger document but still requires a single attachment. Half a megabyte is a whole-document budget: a two-page form and a twenty-page scan must share the same ceiling. Q: Will a 900KB PDF always fit? A: The starting size alone cannot predict the result. Embedded fonts, scanned photos, vectors and page count affect the available reduction. Use the measured target status and inspect the attempt rather than relying on a promised percentage. ### Crop PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/crop-pdf Crop PDF margins on every page or selected pages with a visual preview. Runs locally in your browser with no file upload. Cropping a PDF changes the area a viewer and printer treat as the visible page. It is useful for removing scanner borders, excessive white margins, registration marks or an unwanted edge captured beside a document. Q: Will text remain selectable after cropping? A: Yes. The page crop box changes, but the original PDF content is not rasterized into a picture. ### Delete PDF Pages URL: https://shard.tools/tools/delete-pdf-pages Remove pages from a PDF in your browser. List the pages to drop and keep the rest in order, with nothing uploaded. Removing pages is the most common PDF edit there is: a cover sheet nobody needs, a blank verso from a duplex scan, an appendix that should not go to this recipient. It is also an edit people are unusually reluctant to do through a website, because the documents involved are contracts, medical letters and bank statements - exactly the files you would not hand to an unknown server. Q: Can I list pages in any order? A: Yes. The order of your list does not matter for a deletion; the pages that remain always keep their original sequence. Use the reorder tool if you want to change that. ### Fill PDF Form URL: https://shard.tools/tools/fill-pdf-form Type into a PDF form in your browser, with the fields detected for you and the file never leaving your device. The forms people actually have to fill are the ones they should be most careful with. A visa application carries a passport number and an address history. Q: Are my files uploaded? A: No. The PDF is read, filled and rebuilt inside this browser tab, and this site has no endpoint that accepts a file. You can confirm it in your browser's network tab while you fill the form - no request carries the document. ### Flatten PDF Form URL: https://shard.tools/tools/flatten-pdf-form Turn the filled values of a PDF form into fixed page content, so nobody can edit them after you send it. A filled PDF form is two documents at once. There is the page you see, and underneath it a set of live fields still holding their values as editable data. Q: What does flattening actually change? A: Each field's visible appearance becomes ordinary page content and the field is deleted. Before flattening the value is live data attached to an annotation; afterwards it is part of the page, like any other printed text. ### JPG to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jpg-to-pdf Combine JPG and PNG pictures into one PDF in your browser. Reorder before building, keep original quality, choose A4 or match each image, and upload nothing. Almost every official process still wants one PDF, and almost every phone produces separate pictures. So people end up photographing four pages of a tenancy agreement, or both sides of an identity card, and then needing those shots to arrive as a single numbered document. Q: How do I control the page order? A: The list order is the page order. Use the arrows beside any entry to move it, and check the numbers on the left before building - they are the page numbers those pictures will occupy. ### Markdown to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/markdown-to-pdf Convert Markdown into a paginated PDF with headings, lists and code blocks laid out as real text. Runs in your browser. Markdown exists to be readable as plain text and rendered as something better, and a PDF is usually where it goes when it has to leave a repository: a README sent to a client, documentation attached to a proposal, notes circulated to people who will not open a code editor. The conversion here reads the structure and typesets it - headings get their own scale and spacing, lists keep their markers and nesting, quotes are set apart, code blocks are held in a monospaced face so alignment survives. Q: Are tables supported? A: No. Laying out columns properly needs measurement and reflow this tool does not do, and an almost-right table is worse than plain text. The rows print as written. ### Merge PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/merge-pdf Combine several PDFs into one document entirely in your browser. Reorder before merging, keep page size and rotation, and download locally with no file upload. Combining documents is usually the last step before someone submits an application, a claim, or a tender response. The receiving side wants one attachment, while the material arrives as a scanned identity page, a bank statement exported from a portal, and a letter written in a word processor. Q: Are my documents uploaded to a server? A: No. Each file is read by your browser from your own device, and the combined document is assembled in the tab's memory. This site has no endpoint capable of receiving a file, and upload-style HTTP methods are refused at the edge, so there is nowhere for the data to be sent. ### Organize PDF Pages URL: https://shard.tools/tools/organize-pdf-pages Add pages to a PDF, insert images, reorder, rotate, duplicate or delete pages locally in your browser with no upload. A PDF organizer is useful when the required result cannot be described by one isolated command. A scan may be backwards, an appendix may be in the middle, one page may need repeating, a blank separator may be needed, or a JPG/PNG image may need inserting before the signature page. Q: Can I combine PDFs and pictures in one document? A: Yes. Add PDFs, JPG files and PNG files to the same workspace. Each picture becomes one page that can be positioned among PDF pages. ### PDF to JPG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-to-jpg Turn PDF pages into JPG or PNG images in your browser. Pick 72, 150, or 300 DPI, get one image per page, and upload nothing to a server. Sometimes a document has to stop being a document. A marketplace listing wants photographs, a chat app refuses attachments it cannot preview, a slide deck needs a page dropped in as artwork, and a printer's web form accepts pictures but not paged files. Q: Should I choose JPG or PNG? A: JPG for pages that are mostly photographic and where size matters, PNG when fine text and thin lines must stay crisp or transparency has to survive. PNG files on a detailed page can be several times larger. ### PDF to Markdown URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-to-markdown Turn a PDF into structured Markdown in your browser. Headings are inferred from font size, paragraphs and lists are rebuilt, and no file is ever uploaded. Markdown has quietly become the format people feed to language models, paste into wikis, and keep documentation in. A PDF is the opposite: fixed positions, no semantics, no notion of a heading. Q: Why is nothing marked as bold? A: Because it cannot be determined honestly. A browser's PDF reader exposes an internal font identifier such as g_d0_f1 and a generic family name, not the real font name, so there is no dependable signal for weight. Emphasis is omitted rather than guessed. ### PDF to PNG URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-to-png Render PDF pages to PNG images in your browser. Lossless output with sharp text edges, at the resolution you choose. PNG is the right target when the pages contain text, diagrams, screenshots or line art, which describes most documents people convert. The reason is how the two formats treat a hard edge. Q: PNG or JPG for my document? A: PNG when the pages are text, diagrams or screenshots, because the edges stay sharp. JPG when the pages are photographs, because the file will be far smaller with no visible loss. ### PDF to Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-to-text Pull the text out of a PDF entirely in your browser. Reading order is preserved, scanned pages are reported honestly, and nothing is uploaded to a server. Most people reach for this because selecting text in a reader produced nothing usable: the selection jumped columns, the copy came out as one unbroken wall, or the reader refused to select at all. A PDF stores glyphs at coordinates rather than sentences in order, which is why naive copying scrambles anything more complicated than a single column. Q: Why did I get nothing back from my scan? A: Because there was nothing to get. A scan stores an image, not characters. The tool reports this rather than returning an empty box that looks like a failure, so you know the file needs optical recognition instead. ### PDF Under 2MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-under-2mb Reduce your PDF locally and check whether the selected size target was reached. Prepare one PDF for a 2MB attachment limit while checking the document features that matter to its recipient. This ceiling gives a short report more room than the smallest presets, but a long scan can still require visible reduction. Q: Should I split or compress a long PDF? A: Use the receiver's rules first. Compression preserves one attachment; splitting preserves more detail per file when multiple uploads are allowed. If splitting is permitted, use clear numbered filenames and verify that no page is missing. ### PDF Under 5MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pdf-under-5mb Reduce your PDF locally and check whether the selected size target was reached. Use this preset when a receiver allows a PDF up to 5MB and you want to reduce a larger report without immediately choosing a very tight ceiling. The extra budget can help visual material, but no file size guarantees that fine details will survive. Q: Is 5MB always the best target? A: Use the largest size the destination accepts when preserving detail is important, then inspect the result. A smaller target may suit bandwidth constraints, but reduction has no inherent quality benefit once the requirements are met. ### PNG to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/png-to-pdf Combine PNG images into a single PDF in your browser. The images are embedded losslessly, not re-compressed. PNG is the format screenshots, exported diagrams and scanned receipts usually arrive in, and PDF is what people want to send them as: one file, fixed layout, opens identically everywhere. The important detail in this conversion is that a PDF can hold a PNG directly. Q: Is quality lost? A: No. The PNG is embedded exactly as it is, without being decoded or re-compressed, so the document contains the original pixels. ### Redact PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/redact-pdf Permanently cover sensitive areas in a PDF in your browser. Draw redaction boxes, review each page, and download a flattened PDF with no upload. Redaction is different from placing a black rectangle over a document. A real redaction must remove the readable page layer underneath, otherwise hidden names and numbers can still be selected, copied or searched. Q: Is the hidden text really removed? A: The output is rebuilt from page images, so the original text layer is not carried into the downloaded PDF. Always inspect the result before sharing. ### Remove Blank Pages from PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/remove-blank-pages-from-pdf Find likely blank PDF pages, review every candidate and remove only confirmed pages. Private browser processing with no upload. Blank sheets commonly appear when a duplex scanner captures the reverse side of one-sided originals, when a separator sheet is included by mistake, or when an exported document inserts an empty page between sections. Automatically deleting anything that merely looks empty is dangerous: faint pencil marks, a pale stamp or a nearly white scanned photograph can matter. Q: Will the tool delete pages automatically? A: No. Detection creates a candidate list, and the user confirms each page before a new PDF is built. ### Remove PDF Metadata URL: https://shard.tools/tools/remove-pdf-metadata Read, edit or clear the title, author, subject and keywords stored inside a PDF. Runs in your browser with no upload. Every PDF carries a small block of descriptive information alongside its pages, and most people never look at it. It usually records who created the document, what software produced it, and a title that is frequently just whatever the file was called when it was first saved. Q: Does this remove everything identifying? A: No, and it would be wrong to claim so. It clears the document information dictionary. XMP packets, text on the pages and embedded file attachments are separate and untouched. ### Reorder PDF Pages URL: https://shard.tools/tools/reorder-pdf-pages Put the pages of a PDF into a new order by writing the sequence you want. Runs entirely in your browser. Pages end up in the wrong order for a small number of recurring reasons: a document fed into a scanner back to front, sections assembled from separate files in the wrong sequence, or an appendix that belongs before the annexes rather than after. Fixing it means rebuilding the document with the pages in a new sequence, which is a different operation from deleting even though the machinery underneath is similar. Q: Why must I list every page? A: Because a sequence that skips one is a deletion. Refusing it means a typo produces an error rather than silently removing a page from your document. ### Resize PDF Pages URL: https://shard.tools/tools/resize-pdf-pages Resize mixed PDF pages to A4, Letter or Legal. Fit with margins or fill the sheet locally without uploading your document. PDFs assembled from scanners, screenshots and exported applications often contain a mixture of page dimensions. That inconsistency becomes obvious when printing, presenting pages side by side or submitting a document to a system that expects A4 or US Letter. Q: Does resizing reduce PDF file size? A: Not necessarily. This tool changes page dimensions and placement; compression is a separate operation. ### Rotate PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rotate-pdf Turn sideways or upside-down PDF pages the right way up in your browser. Rotate every page or selected pages, keeping text and form fields intact. Scanners and phone cameras decide orientation on their own, and they get it wrong constantly. A batch fed through a sheet feeder lands on its side, one sheet goes in upside down, and a viewer that lets you spin the display never writes that correction into the file, so the next person opens the same crooked document. Q: Does turning a page reduce quality or increase file size? A: Neither. Orientation is a stored number on each sheet, not a picture. Nothing is re-rendered or re-compressed, so the visual result is identical to the original and the size barely moves. ### Sign PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sign-pdf Draw, type or upload a signature, place it on the page, and download the signed PDF - all inside your browser. Most of the time, signing a document means putting a picture of your signature in the right place and sending it back. A landlord wants the tenancy agreement initialled. Q: Is this a legally binding e-signature? A: No. It produces a visible signature on the page and nothing else - no certificate, no identity check, no timestamp and no audit trail. Many everyday agreements are accepted with a visual signature between parties who already know each other, but if a signature has to be legally verifiable, use a qualified e-signature service instead. ### Split PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/split-pdf Extract selected pages, split every page, or divide a PDF into fixed-size page batches. Choose among three different outputs: one PDF containing selected pages, one file for every page, or a sequence of PDFs containing up to a chosen number of pages each. Extraction is useful when a reviewer needs only an appendix. Q: What does an expression like 1-3,5,8-10 mean? A: It resolves to sheets one, two, three, five, eight, nine, and ten. Commas separate items, a hyphen defines an inclusive span, and the count is confirmed on screen before you commit to anything. ### TXT to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/txt-to-pdf Turn a plain text file into a paginated PDF in your browser. The result holds selectable text, not a screenshot. A plain text file has no pages, no margins and no notion of where one sheet ends and the next begins. Turning it into a PDF means making all of those decisions, which is why the results from different tools vary so much. Q: Will the text be selectable in the PDF? A: Yes. The document is typeset with real fonts rather than rendered to an image, so text can be selected, searched and copied out. ## Data & file format tools ### CSV to GeoJSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-geojson Convert a CSV with latitude and longitude columns to GeoJSON in your browser, ready for mapping tools. The other direction: you have location data in a spreadsheet - a CSV with latitude and longitude columns and perhaps a name or a value for each point - and you want to put it on a map. Mapping libraries and tools speak GeoJSON, not CSV, so this converts your table into a GeoJSON feature collection, one point per row, with the remaining columns carried through as each point's properties. Q: What columns does it need? A: A latitude and a longitude column. It recognises lat/latitude/y and lon/lng/longitude/x. ### CSV to JSON Converter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-json Convert CSV to a JSON array locally. Parse quoted commas, embedded newlines, BOM files, duplicate headers, sparse rows, and optional safe value types. CSV looks simple until a customer name contains a comma, a note spans two lines, or a quote appears inside a quoted field. Splitting every line on commas corrupts those files. Q: Can it parse quoted commas and newlines? A: Yes. Quoted delimiters, doubled quotes, and embedded line breaks are handled by a dedicated CSV parser rather than string splitting. ### CSV to Markdown Table URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-markdown Convert multiple CSV files to Markdown tables or Markdown tables back to CSV, then download individual results or one merged file in your browser. A CSV export is useful for spreadsheets but awkward to paste into a README or issue. This converter reads its header and rows, then creates a Markdown table you can download as an .md file. Q: What happens to a pipe in a CSV cell? A: It receives a backslash escape so the Markdown renderer does not treat it as a column separator. ### CSV to TSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-tsv Convert CSV to tab-separated values in your browser. Parses quoted fields properly rather than replacing commas. The obvious way to convert CSV to TSV is to replace every comma with a tab, and it is wrong in precisely the cases that matter. A CSV field may contain a comma if it is quoted, which is the entire reason quoting exists, and a blind replacement turns that one field into two - corrupting exactly the rows that were complicated enough to need protecting. Q: Why not just replace the commas? A: Because a quoted field may contain a comma, and replacing it splits one field into two. That corrupts exactly the rows that needed quoting. ### CSV to TXT URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-txt Convert several CSV files to labeled TXT records or labeled TXT back to CSV. Download individual results or merge records into one browser-local file. Renaming a .csv file to .txt changes only its extension; the commas, quoting and grid structure remain. This tool instead turns each data row into a plain-text record with one label and value per line. Q: Is this the same as saving CSV with a .txt extension? A: No. The tool replaces the table representation with labeled records separated by blank lines. ### CSV to vCard URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-vcard Convert a CSV of contacts to a vCard (.vcf) file in your browser, ready to import into a phone or address book. The reverse trip: you have a list of people in a spreadsheet - a CSV with names, emails and phone numbers - and you want them in your phone or address book, which speaks vCard. Manually adding dozens of contacts is nobody's idea of a good afternoon, and this does the whole list at once. Q: What columns does it need? A: At least a name. It also picks up email, phone, organisation and title from recognisable header names. ### CSV to XLSX URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-to-xlsx Turn CSV into a real .xlsx workbook in your browser. Leading zeros and long numbers survive, unlike opening the CSV in Excel directly. The obvious way to get a CSV into Excel is to double-click it, and that is precisely where data goes wrong. Excel guesses a type for every field as it reads, and its guesses are confident and destructive: a product code of 0123 loses its zero, a sixteen-digit card or account number becomes rounded scientific notation, a value like 1-2 is silently reinterpreted as a date, and in some locales a decimal comma is read as a thousands separator. Q: Why are my numbers stored as text? A: Because typing them means guessing, and Excel's guesses destroy leading zeros and long identifiers. Select the column and format it as a number if you need arithmetic; that step is reversible and the data loss is not. ### DOCX to Markdown URL: https://shard.tools/tools/docx-to-markdown Convert a Word document to Markdown in your browser. Headings, lists, tables and emphasis all survive. Nothing is uploaded. Word documents arrive constantly in places where Markdown is the working format: a colleague sends a specification that belongs in the repository, a client supplies copy that has to become a web page, a policy written in Word needs to live in a wiki. Copying and pasting loses the structure and leaves invisible formatting behind; retyping wastes an afternoon. Q: Do headings really come through? A: Yes, provided they were styled as headings in Word. Text made large and bold by hand looks like a heading to a reader but is an ordinary paragraph to the file, so it converts as one. ### DOCX to Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/docx-to-text Pull the plain text out of a Word document in your browser. No formatting, no hidden characters, nothing uploaded. Sometimes the formatting is the problem. Word documents carry an enormous amount of invisible baggage - style definitions, revision identifiers, language tags, list numbering, theme references - and when the text is destined for a code editor, a database field, a translation tool or a plain email, all of it is in the way. Q: Why not just copy and paste? A: Because the clipboard carries rich formatting alongside the text, and most applications accept it. Converting the file gives you text with nothing attached. ### ENV to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/env-to-json Turn a .env file into JSON in your browser. Handles export prefixes, quotes and inline comments. A .env file is the most sensitive text file in a typical project. It is where database passwords, API keys and signing secrets live, which makes pasting one into an unfamiliar website a genuinely bad idea and makes a local converter worth having. Q: Is it safe to paste my .env here? A: It never leaves your browser, so yes in the sense that nothing is transmitted. As a general habit, treat any website asking for a .env with suspicion - the reason this one is safe is that there is no endpoint to receive it. ### GeoJSON to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/geojson-to-csv Convert GeoJSON point features to CSV in your browser, with longitude, latitude and properties as columns. GeoJSON is the format mapping tools speak - a structured way to describe geographic features and their properties - but to analyse location data in a spreadsheet, join it to other records, or feed it into a tool that expects a table, you need it flattened into rows. This converts the point features of a GeoJSON document into CSV, with a longitude and latitude column and a column for each property the features carry. Q: Does it handle lines and polygons? A: No. It flattens point features. Lines and polygons have many coordinates and do not fit a single lat/lon row. ### GPX to GeoJSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gpx-to-geojson Convert a GPX GPS track or waypoints to GeoJSON in your browser, ready for mapping tools. GPX is the format GPS devices and fitness apps use to record where you went - a run, a ride, a hike, a survey - but the wider world of web mapping runs on GeoJSON. Converting a GPX file to GeoJSON is what lets you take a recorded track and display it on a web map, style it, or process it with the many tools built around GeoJSON. Q: Does it keep elevation and timestamps? A: No. It extracts the route's shape - the points and their order. Elevation, time and sensor data are not carried over. ### ICS to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ics-to-csv Convert an iCalendar (.ics) file to CSV in your browser, turning events into spreadsheet rows. An .ics file is the standard way calendars are shared and exported - the iCalendar format - but it is meant for calendar apps to read, not people. To analyse your events, list them for a report, count how you spend your time, or import them somewhere that expects a table, you need CSV. Q: Does it expand recurring events? A: No. A recurring event appears once as its defining entry, not as every occurrence. ### INI to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ini-to-json Turn an INI configuration file into JSON in your browser. Sections become nested objects and values stay strings. INI is the oldest configuration format still in daily use, and its longevity comes from having almost no rules. A key, an equals sign, a value; square brackets to start a section. Q: Why are my numbers strings? A: Because INI declares no types. Turning 8080 into a number would be a guess, and the same guess would strip the leading zero from an account code. ### JSON Diff URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-diff Compare two JSON documents and see every changed path without uploading private payloads. A JSON diff answers a more useful question than a text diff: what changed in the data? Two API responses can contain the same object keys in a different order and look completely different line by line even though they mean the same thing. Q: Does JSON key order affect the comparison? A: No. Object keys are matched by name, so reformatting or reordering an object does not create changes. Array order does matter because JSON arrays define values by their position. ### JSON Formatter and Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-formatter Format, minify, and validate JSON locally in your browser. Inspect keys, values, nesting depth, and root type without sending private API data to a server. Raw JSON is compact enough for machines and often miserable for people. One missing quote or trailing comma can turn a configuration file, webhook body, or API response into an opaque error. Q: Does this JSON formatter upload my data? A: No. Parsing, formatting, minifying, counting, copying, and file creation happen in browser memory. This tool does not call an API with your JSON. You can confirm that in the browser Network panel. ### JSON to CSV Converter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-csv Convert JSON objects to UTF-8 CSV in your browser. Union columns, quote values, and protect formula-like strings. JSON represents nested application data well; CSV represents a rectangular table that spreadsheets and many import tools understand. Converting between them requires decisions that a filename change cannot make. Q: Can I convert a JSON array directly to CSV? A: Yes, when every array item is an object. The objects may contain different keys; the converter unions those keys into columns and leaves missing cells empty. Arrays of primitive values are rejected because they do not provide meaningful column names. ### JSON to ENV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-env Turn a JSON object into .env format in your browser, with keys upper-cased and values quoted where a shell needs it. Generating a .env file from JSON is straightforward until quoting comes up, and quoting is where a generated config breaks in ways that are hard to trace. A .env file is often sourced directly by a shell, which means a value containing a space, a dollar sign, a backtick or a quote will be interpreted rather than taken literally unless it is protected. Q: Why are some values quoted and not others? A: Only values containing characters a shell would interpret get quoted. Leaving simple values bare keeps the file readable, which is the convention. ### JSON to HTML Table URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-html-table Turn a JSON array into a clean HTML table in your browser, with markup in the data escaped safely. Turning data into an HTML table is the sort of thing that gets done with a quick loop and string concatenation, and that quick loop is where cross-site scripting bugs come from. If any value in the data contains a less-than sign, concatenating it into markup means the browser reads it as a tag. Q: Is the output safe to paste into a page? A: Yes. Every value is HTML-escaped, so data containing markup renders as visible text instead of being interpreted as tags. ### JSON to INI URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-ini Turn JSON into an INI configuration file in your browser, with objects becoming sections. Writing INI from JSON is mostly a question of what to do with structure that INI cannot express. The format is flat by design: a set of key and value pairs, optionally grouped under section headers, and that is the entire vocabulary. Q: How do I control which parts become sections? A: Any top-level property whose value is an object becomes a section. Everything else becomes a plain key at the root. ### JSON to JSONL URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-jsonl Turn a JSON array into JSON Lines in your browser, one record per line, ready for streaming tools. JSON Lines exists because a single enormous JSON array is awkward to process. To read one record you have to parse the whole file, which means holding all of it in memory, and a file that grows past what a machine can hold becomes unusable rather than merely slow. Q: What is the difference from JSON? A: JSONL puts one complete JSON value on each line instead of wrapping everything in one array, which lets a program read records one at a time. ### JSON to Markdown Table URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-markdown-table Turn a JSON array into a Markdown table in your browser, with pipes escaped so columns stay intact. Markdown tables are painful to write and easy to break, which is why they are usually generated rather than typed. The syntax is unforgiving in one specific way: the pipe character separates columns, so a pipe appearing inside a value ends that cell early and shifts everything after it. Q: What happens to a pipe in my data? A: It is escaped with a backslash. Left alone it would end the cell early and misalign every row below it. ### JSON to Query String URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-query-string Turn a JSON object into a properly encoded URL query string in your browser, with arrays repeated correctly. Building a query string by hand is one of those tasks that seems too simple to get wrong and is wrong surprisingly often. Every value needs percent-encoding, and the characters that need it are not the ones people expect: a space, an ampersand and an equals sign are obvious, but so are the plus sign, the hash and a good deal of punctuation, and missing one produces a URL that works for most inputs and breaks for a particular customer name. Q: How are arrays encoded? A: As the key repeated once per value. That form is understood by the widest range of servers, though a few expect bracketed indices instead. ### JSON to SQL URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-sql Turn a JSON array into SQL INSERT statements in your browser, with quotes escaped correctly. Getting a handful of records into a database is a task with no good tool. Writing the INSERT statements by hand is tedious and error-prone, setting up a proper import pipeline is disproportionate for fifty rows, and the obvious shortcut - pasting values into a template - is exactly how SQL injection bugs and broken imports happen. Q: How are apostrophes handled? A: By doubling them, which is the standard SQL escape. A name like O'Brien becomes 'O''Brien' and inserts correctly. ### JSON to XML URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-xml Turn JSON into well-formed XML in your browser, with escaping and element naming handled correctly. Generating XML from JSON is easier than the reverse, because XML can express everything JSON can and more. The difficulties are narrower and more mechanical: XML has strict rules about what an element may be called, and a set of characters that must be escaped or the document will not parse. Q: How do I control the root element name? A: Give your JSON a single top-level key. That key becomes the root. Objects with several top-level keys are wrapped in a generic root instead. ### JSON to YAML URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-yaml Convert JSON into clean, readable YAML in your browser. Useful for Kubernetes manifests, CI pipelines and application config. Most people converting JSON to YAML are moving something into a configuration file, because that is where YAML lives: Kubernetes manifests, CI pipeline definitions, Docker Compose files, application settings. YAML earns its place there by being far easier to read and to comment than JSON, and it is a strict superset, so every valid JSON document is already valid YAML. Q: Is JSON already valid YAML? A: Yes. YAML 1.2 is a superset of JSON, so any JSON document parses as YAML. Converting is about readability and the ability to add comments, not compatibility. ### JSON Unescape and Escape URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-escape-unescape Escape or decode a JSON string without sending API payloads, logs, or configuration data to a server. JSON Unescape removes one valid JSON string layer from text copied out of a log, API response, environment variable, or database field. JSON Escape performs the reverse operation when ordinary text or a complete object must travel inside another JSON string. Q: What should I do when unescaping fails? A: Check that you copied the whole value, including any closing quote, and that the source is a JSON string rather than JavaScript source, HTML, or a URL. A complete object such as {"name":"Mira"} is already decoded; use JSON Formatter for it. Return to the original export when a sequence is truncated instead of deleting backslashes until the error disappears. ### JSONL to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jsonl-to-json Turn JSON Lines into a single formatted JSON array in your browser. Names the exact line if one record is malformed. Reading a JSON Lines file by eye is unpleasant. Each record is compact by necessity, which means one long unbroken line per entry, and finding the record you care about among thousands of them is genuinely difficult. Q: What happens if one record is broken? A: The conversion stops and names the line number, showing the start of that record. Finding one bad line in ten thousand is otherwise very hard. ### Local Reconciliation Suite URL: https://shard.tools/tools/local-reconciliation-studio Reconcile CSV and Excel transaction exports for free. Review unmatched rows and download reports without an account or uploading your financial files. Reconciliation is the routine of proving that two records of the same money agree. A bank statement against a general ledger, a payment processor payout against the orders it settles, an intercompany account against its mirror, last month's file against this month's - in each case you are asking which lines correspond, which are missing from one side, and where the totals diverge. Q: Is reconciliation and report download free? A: Yes. Import supported CSV or XLSX exports, configure matching rules, review exceptions, and download the reports without a subscription or account. Processing runs locally; large files remain subject to browser memory and import limits. ### OFX to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ofx-to-csv Turn an OFX bank statement into a spreadsheet-ready CSV, without the file leaving your browser. Open Financial Exchange is the format banks settled on for handing account data to software rather than to people. Your bank generates it for accounting packages, and it holds everything a statement does - posting date, payee, memo, signed amount, transaction type and a unique identifier per row - in a structure a program can read exactly. Q: Why will my OFX file not just open in Excel? A: Because it is a tagged data format rather than a table. Excel has no importer for it, and renaming the file to .csv produces a single column of tags. The structure has to be read and flattened first, which is what this does. ### QBO to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/qbo-to-csv Read a QuickBooks .qbo bank file as CSV in your browser, so you can see what is in it before anything is imported. A .qbo file is the bank download QuickBooks accepts through Web Connect. It is Open Financial Exchange underneath, carrying an Intuit routing identifier that QuickBooks checks before it will take the file at all - which is why a .qbo downloaded for one company file can be rejected by another, and why the format has a reputation for being awkward. Q: What actually is a .qbo file? A: A bank statement in Open Financial Exchange format with an Intuit routing block attached. The transaction records inside follow the ordinary OFX grammar, which is what makes them readable without any Intuit software. ### QFX to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/qfx-to-csv Read a Quicken QFX download as a spreadsheet, without a Quicken licence and without uploading it. QFX is what Quicken calls its Web Connect download. Underneath it is Open Financial Exchange with a handful of Intuit-specific additions bolted on, chiefly a branding identifier that tells Quicken which institution supplied the file. Q: Can I open a QFX without a Quicken subscription? A: Yes. The file is Open Financial Exchange with Intuit extensions, and nothing about reading it requires a licence. This page parses it in your browser and hands back CSV; no Quicken installation is involved at any stage. ### QIF to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/qif-to-csv Get transactions out of an old QIF archive as CSV, with the ambiguous date order resolved openly rather than guessed at. Quicken Interchange Format is the oldest thing on this site by some margin. It dates from an era when a transaction was a handful of one-letter codes on consecutive lines - D for the date, T for the total, P for the payee - terminated by a caret on a line of its own. Q: Why do my dates come out wrong in other QIF converters? A: Because the format never stored the day/month order and most converters assume American month-first. A British or Australian export then reads 06/07 as 6 July instead of 7 June. Here the order is inferred where the digits prove it, stated when it had to be assumed, and switchable. ### Query String to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/query-string-to-json Turn a URL query string into readable JSON in your browser. Repeated keys become arrays rather than being lost. A long URL is close to unreadable, and reading one is a routine part of debugging anything web-facing: working out which tracking parameters an analytics link carries, why a filtered search returns the wrong results, what a callback actually received. Turning the query into JSON makes it legible in a way that squinting at ampersands never will. Q: Can I paste a whole URL? A: Yes. Everything before the question mark is ignored, so the full address works as well as just the query. ### TSV to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/tsv-to-csv Convert tab-separated values to CSV in your browser, adding quotes only where the data needs them. Converting the other way - tabs to commas - has the opposite risk profile, and it is the more dangerous direction. Going from CSV to TSV, the worry is a comma hiding inside a field. Q: Why are there suddenly so many quotes? A: Because commas are common in text. Any field containing one must be quoted now that commas separate the columns. ### vCard to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/vcard-to-csv Convert a vCard (.vcf) contact file to CSV in your browser, ready for a spreadsheet. Nothing is uploaded. A vCard file is how contacts are exported from a phone or an address book - the .vcf format - and it is nearly useless for anything except importing back into another address book. To actually work with your contacts, to review them in a spreadsheet, deduplicate them, or import them somewhere that expects a table, you need CSV. Q: Does it handle a file with many contacts? A: Yes. Each vCard entry in the file becomes its own row. ### XLSX to CSV URL: https://shard.tools/tools/xlsx-to-csv Convert an Excel .xlsx sheet to CSV in your browser. Dates stay dates, leading zeros survive, and the file never leaves your device. A spreadsheet is usually the last file anyone should hand to an unfamiliar website. Workbooks hold payroll, customer lists, pricing, patient records and half-finished financial models, and the conversion people want from them is trivially simple: pull one sheet out as comma-separated text. Q: Will my dates come out as numbers? A: No. Excel stores a date as a count of days and marks it as a date only through the cell's number format, so this reads the formats. Cells formatted as dates convert to readable dates. ### XLSX to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/xlsx-to-json Turn an Excel sheet into a JSON array of objects in your browser, using the header row as keys. Nothing is uploaded. Developers reach for this when a spreadsheet is the source of truth for something a program has to consume: a product catalogue maintained by a colleague, a translation table, seed data for a database, a list of settings someone edits in Excel because that is the tool they have. The output here is an array of objects with the header row supplying the keys, which is the shape almost every consumer expects and the one that survives being pasted straight into code. Q: Why are numbers quoted as strings? A: Because guessing types cell by cell produces an inconsistent array - one object with a number and the next with a string under the same key. Casting in your own code is explicit and safe. ### XML to JSON URL: https://shard.tools/tools/xml-to-json Convert XML to readable JSON in your browser. Attributes, repeated tags and mixed content are all handled predictably. XML and JSON do not describe data the same way, so every converter between them has to invent a convention, and no two libraries invent quite the same one. XML has attributes; JSON has no equivalent. Q: How are attributes represented? A: As keys prefixed with @. An element written as 42.50 becomes an object with an @currency key and the value under #text. ### YAML to JSON Converter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/yaml-to-json Convert YAML to JSON or JSON to YAML in your browser. Handles multi-document files, follows YAML 1.2, and uploads nothing. Convert YAML configuration into JSON for an API payload, validation step or application that expects JSON syntax. YAML comments, anchors and presentation choices do not all have direct equivalents in JSON, so the useful check is the parsed data rather than whether the formatting looks similar. Q: Why did yes stay a string instead of becoming true? A: Because this follows YAML 1.2, where only true and false are booleans. YAML 1.1 coerced yes, no, on and off, which caused real bugs. If you need a boolean, write true or false. ## Unit & measure converters ### Acres to Hectares URL: https://shard.tools/tools/acres-to-hectares Convert acres to hectares instantly, right here. Acres and hectares are the two units the world measures land in - acres in the US, the UK and much of the English-speaking world, hectares almost everywhere else and in all of science and agriculture. Converting acres to hectares is what you need to read a plot, a farm or a parcel quoted in acres the way the metric world records it. Q: How many hectares in an acre? A: About 0.4047 hectares. Put another way, one hectare is roughly 2.47 acres, so it takes about two and a half acres to make a hectare. ### Bar to PSI URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bar-to-psi Convert bar to psi instantly, right here. Bar is the pressure unit of European specs, automotive manuals and technical equipment, but to match it against a US gauge or a tyre listed in PSI you convert to pounds per square inch. Converting bar to PSI turns a metric pressure into the unit US pumps, gauges and stickers use. Q: How many bar in a PSI? A: One PSI is about 0.069 bar. Conversely, one bar is roughly 14.5 PSI, so 2 bar is about 29 PSI. ### Calories to Kilojoules URL: https://shard.tools/tools/calories-to-kilojoules Convert calories to kilojoules instantly, right here. Food energy is labelled in two units: calories (strictly kilocalories, or kcal) in the US, UK and much of the world, and kilojoules (kJ) in Australia, New Zealand and the EU alongside calories. Converting calories to kilojoules is what you do to read a label in kcal against a diet or app that works in kilojoules. Q: How many kilojoules in a calorie? A: About 4.184 kJ per food calorie (kcal). So a 100-calorie item is roughly 418 kJ. ### Celsius to Fahrenheit URL: https://shard.tools/tools/celsius-to-fahrenheit Convert celsius to fahrenheit instantly, right here. Celsius is the temperature scale nearly everywhere, anchored to water freezing at 0 and boiling at 100. The United States uses Fahrenheit instead. Q: What is 0 °C in Fahrenheit? A: Zero Celsius is 32 Fahrenheit - the freezing point of water. The scales only read the same number at minus forty. ### Celsius to Kelvin URL: https://shard.tools/tools/celsius-to-kelvin Convert celsius to kelvin instantly, right here. Kelvin is the temperature scale of science, starting at absolute zero - the coldest anything can be - so it never goes negative. Celsius shares its degree size but starts at water's freezing point. Q: Why add 273.15? A: Because Kelvin and Celsius share the same degree size but Kelvin starts at absolute zero, which sits 273.15 degrees below water's freezing point. ### Centimetres to Inches URL: https://shard.tools/tools/cm-to-inches Convert centimetres to inches instantly, right here. Centimetres measure everything from a screen to a waistline in metric countries, while inches do the same job in the United States and in many product specs. Converting centimetres to inches is what you need to read a metric measurement in imperial - a TV size, a piece of furniture, a body measurement. Q: How many cm in an inch? A: Exactly 2.54 centimetres make one inch, by definition. This tool converts the other way, centimetres to inches, dividing by that figure. ### Cups to Millilitres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/cups-to-ml Convert cups to millilitres instantly, right here. US recipes measure liquids and loose ingredients in cups, but a metric kitchen uses millilitres on a jug or scale. Converting cups to millilitres lets a metric cook follow an American recipe precisely rather than guessing. Q: How many ml in a cup? A: This tool uses the US legal cup of 240 ml. Note other standards differ - a US customary cup is about 237 ml and a metric cup is 250 ml. ### Date to Unix Timestamp URL: https://shard.tools/tools/date-to-unix-timestamp Convert a date and time to a Unix timestamp in your browser. Turning a date into a Unix timestamp is the reverse task, and it is what you do when a human-readable moment needs to go into a system that stores time as a number: setting an expiry, querying a database by a date range, or filling in a field that expects epoch seconds. A timestamp is a single count of seconds since 1970, which is why software prefers it - two timestamps can be compared and subtracted with plain arithmetic, where two formatted dates cannot. Q: Is the result in seconds or milliseconds? A: Seconds, the most common scale. Multiply by a thousand if your system wants milliseconds. ### Fahrenheit to Celsius URL: https://shard.tools/tools/fahrenheit-to-celsius Convert fahrenheit to celsius instantly, right here. Fahrenheit is the temperature scale of the United States - weather, ovens, thermostats - but the rest of the world, and all of science, reads Celsius. Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius turns an American temperature into the metric figure everyone else uses. Q: What is 98.6 °F in Celsius? A: 98.6 Fahrenheit - normal body temperature - is 37 Celsius. A reading of 100.4 °F, a common fever threshold, is 38 °C. ### Feet to Metres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/feet-to-meters Convert feet to metres instantly, right here. Feet describe heights, room sizes and land in the US and in trades everywhere, but a metric plan, a European form or a science calculation needs metres. Converting feet to metres turns those imperial lengths into the metric unit most of the world designs in. Q: How many metres is a foot? A: One foot is 0.3048 metres, by definition. Three feet - a yard - comes to about 0.914 metres, just under one. ### Gallons to Litres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gallons-to-liters Convert gallons to litres instantly, right here. Gallons measure fuel and large liquids in the US, but the rest of the world sells and calculates in litres. Converting US gallons to litres turns an American volume into the metric figure the majority of the world uses. Q: How many litres in a gallon? A: A US gallon is 3.785 litres; a UK imperial gallon is 4.546 litres. This tool converts the US gallon, so confirm which one an American source intends. ### GB to MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gb-to-mb Convert gb to mb instantly, right here. A size in gigabytes sometimes needs to be in megabytes - comparing an allowance to a download stated in MB, or a limit that quotes megabytes. Converting gigabytes to megabytes expands the figure at 1024 MB per GB. Q: How many MB in a GB? A: 1024 megabytes make one gigabyte in the binary convention used here. The decimal convention counts 1000, so storage labels can read a little higher than a device shows. ### Grams to Ounces URL: https://shard.tools/tools/grams-to-ounces Convert grams to ounces instantly, right here. Grams are the metric unit for small weights - ingredients, portions, postage - while ounces are how the same quantities are given in US recipes and older British ones. Converting grams to ounces is the cook's and the crafter's need: a recipe in grams, a scale that reads metric, a mailing weight, turned into the ounces a US instruction expects. Q: How many grams in an ounce? A: About 28.35 grams make one ounce. This tool converts the other way - grams to ounces - using the exact 0.0353 factor. ### Hectares to Acres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hectares-to-acres Convert hectares to acres instantly, right here. Hectares are the metric unit for land, used across most of the world and throughout farming and science, but to picture a hectare the way a US or UK audience does you convert it to acres. Converting hectares to acres turns a metric land figure into the imperial unit still standard for property in the English-speaking world. Q: How many acres in a hectare? A: About 2.471 acres. A hectare is 10,000 square metres; an acre is roughly 4,047 square metres, so a hectare is nearly two and a half acres. ### HH:MM:SS to Seconds URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hms-to-seconds Convert hh:mm:ss to seconds instantly, right here. Systems and calculations frequently want a duration as a single number of seconds, but you have it as hours, minutes and seconds. Converting HH:MM:SS to seconds collapses a clock-style duration into that count. Q: What formats are accepted? A: HH:MM:SS or MM:SS. So 01:30:00 and 90:00 both work, giving 5400 seconds. ### Horsepower to Watts URL: https://shard.tools/tools/horsepower-to-watts Convert horsepower to watts instantly, right here. Horsepower rates engines and motors in the automotive and machinery world, but to work in metric or electrical terms you convert to watts. Converting horsepower to watts turns an engine or motor's horsepower figure into the SI unit of power used in electrical and scientific work. Q: How many watts is 1 hp? A: About 746 watts for mechanical horsepower. So 2 hp is roughly 1,491 watts, or about 1.5 kilowatts. ### Inches to Centimetres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/inches-to-cm Convert inches to centimetres instantly, right here. Inches describe screens, tyres, paper and countless product dimensions, but a metric form, a European supplier or a science task needs centimetres. Converting inches to centimetres turns those imperial figures into the metric unit most of the world builds and measures in. Q: Is an inch exactly 2.54 cm? A: Yes - the inch is defined as exactly 2.54 centimetres, so inches-to-centimetres is an exact conversion, not an estimate. ### KB to MB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kb-to-mb Convert kb to mb instantly, right here. File sizes are quoted in kilobytes and megabytes, and moving between them is constant when you juggle attachments, uploads and storage. Converting kilobytes to megabytes tells you how a pile of small files adds up. Q: Is 1 MB 1000 or 1024 KB? A: This tool uses 1024 KB per MB, the binary convention operating systems display. Storage marketing sometimes uses 1000, which is why a 'gigabyte' drive shows slightly less. ### Kelvin to Celsius URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kelvin-to-celsius Convert kelvin to celsius instantly, right here. Kelvin readings come out of scientific instruments, colour-temperature specs and physics problems, but to picture them as everyday warmth you want Celsius. Converting Kelvin to Celsius simply subtracts 273.15. Q: Can Kelvin be negative? A: No - Kelvin starts at absolute zero, so it is never negative. Subtracting 273.15 to reach Celsius, though, often gives a negative everyday temperature. ### Kilograms to Pounds URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kg-to-lb Convert kilograms to pounds instantly, right here. Most of the world weighs things in kilograms; the United States and, informally, the United Kingdom still think in pounds. Converting kilograms to pounds is the everyday need of anyone reading a metric weight - a suitcase allowance, a body weight, a recipe - who wants it in the units they feel. Q: Is 1 kg exactly 2.2 lb? A: Not quite - one kilogram is 2.2046 pounds. The common 'times 2.2' is close but drifts on larger weights, so this tool uses the exact factor. ### Kilograms to Stone URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kg-to-stone Convert kilograms to stone instantly, right here. Kilograms are how body weight is measured almost everywhere and in all of medicine, but in the UK and Ireland people think in stone, so a weight in kilograms often needs converting to be understood. Converting kilograms to stone turns a metric weight into the stone-and-pounds figure a British audience relates to. Q: How many stone is 70 kg? A: About 11.02 stone. One kilogram is roughly 0.157 stone, and a stone is 6.35 kg, so 70 kg is just over 11 stone. ### Kilojoules to Calories URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kilojoules-to-calories Convert kilojoules to calories instantly, right here. Kilojoules are the energy unit on Australian, New Zealand and EU food labels, but to compare against a diet, a recipe or an app that counts calories you convert to kcal. Converting kilojoules to calories turns a kJ label into the calorie figure most of the world still counts in. Q: How many calories in a kilojoule? A: About 0.239 calories (kcal) per kilojoule. So 2,000 kJ is roughly 478 calories. ### Kilometres to Miles URL: https://shard.tools/tools/km-to-miles Convert kilometres to miles instantly, right here. Kilometres measure road distances, runs and journeys across most of the world, while miles do the same in the US and UK. Converting kilometres to miles lets you read a metric distance the way an American or British audience pictures it - a race length, a road sign, a car's range. Q: How many miles in a km? A: About 0.6214 miles make one kilometre. Five kilometres is roughly 3.1 miles, which is why a 5K and a '3.1-mile run' are the same event. ### km/h to mph URL: https://shard.tools/tools/kph-to-mph Convert km/h to mph instantly, right here. Kilometres per hour is the speed unit of most road signs and car dashboards worldwide; the US and UK use miles per hour. Converting km/h to mph lets you read a metric speed the way an American or British driver does - a limit, a top speed, a cruising pace. Q: Is 100 km/h about 60 mph? A: 100 km/h is approximately 62.14 mph. Multiply by about 0.621371 or divide by 1.609344; 0.6214 is a rounded factor. ### Knots to mph URL: https://shard.tools/tools/knots-to-mph Convert knots to mph instantly, right here. Knots measure speed at sea and in the air - nautical miles per hour - but to picture a boat speed or a wind speed the way a driver thinks, you convert to miles per hour. Converting knots to mph turns a marine or aviation figure into the familiar land unit. Q: How fast is 10 knots in mph? A: About 11.5 mph. A knot is a nautical mile per hour, which is roughly 1.15 statute miles per hour. ### Litres to Gallons URL: https://shard.tools/tools/liters-to-gallons Convert litres to gallons instantly, right here. Litres measure fuel, drinks and containers across the metric world, while the US buys petrol and milk by the gallon. Converting litres to US gallons lets you read a metric volume the American way - a fuel fill, a water tank, a drink container. Q: US or UK gallon? A: This tool uses the US gallon of 3.785 litres. The UK imperial gallon is larger, about 4.546 litres, so always check which a source means. ### MB to GB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mb-to-gb Convert mb to gb instantly, right here. Downloads, backups and phone storage are measured in megabytes and gigabytes, and it is easy to lose track of how many megabytes make a meaningful chunk of a gigabyte plan. Converting megabytes to gigabytes clarifies it: at 1024 MB per GB, a 2048 MB download is 2 GB and a 512 MB app is half a gigabyte of your storage. Q: Is 1 GB 1000 MB? A: This tool uses 1024 MB per GB, the binary convention devices report in. Some marketing counts 1000, which is why advertised and displayed capacities differ. ### MB to KB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mb-to-kb Convert mb to kb instantly, right here. Sometimes a size given in megabytes needs to be in kilobytes - an upload field stated in KB, a comparison of small files, a quota. Converting megabytes to kilobytes expands the figure using 1024 KB per MB, the binary convention. Q: How many KB in a MB? A: 1024 kilobytes make one megabyte in the binary convention this tool uses. The decimal convention used in some marketing counts 1000. ### Metres to Feet URL: https://shard.tools/tools/meters-to-feet Convert metres to feet instantly, right here. Metres measure rooms, heights, depths and distances in metric countries; feet do the same in the US and in aviation and construction worldwide. Converting metres to feet lets you read a metric length in the imperial units an American audience or a building plan expects. Q: How many feet in a metre? A: About 3.2808 feet make one metre - a bit more than three and a quarter, not a round three, which is where quick estimates fall short. ### Miles to Kilometres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/miles-to-km Convert distance using 1 mile = 1.609344 kilometres. Use this converter for road distances, odometer readings and running routes measured in international miles. Multiply miles by 1.609344 to obtain kilometres; divide kilometres by the same factor for the reverse calculation. Q: How many km in a mile? A: One international mile is exactly 1.609344 kilometres. Multiply the number of miles by this factor; divide by it to convert kilometres back to miles. ### Millilitres to Cups URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ml-to-cups Convert millilitres to cups using 240 ml per cup. Use this ml to cups converter when a recipe gives a liquid volume in millilitres and you want an equivalent in 240 ml cups. Enter the millilitre amount and read the result below the input. Q: Is 250 ml one cup? A: Roughly. Against the US legal cup of 240 ml, 250 ml is about 1.04 cups. A metric cup is defined as exactly 250 ml, so it depends which standard a recipe means. ### Millilitres to Tablespoons URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ml-to-tablespoons Convert millilitres to tablespoons instantly, right here. Millilitres are how a metric recipe or a bottle gives a small liquid amount, but to measure it with tablespoons you convert the other way. Converting millilitres to tablespoons lets a cook without a fine measuring jug use the spoons in the drawer instead. Q: How many tablespoons is 15 ml? A: About 1 US tablespoon (14.79 ml). For a UK tablespoon of 17.76 ml, 15 ml is a little under one. ### mph to km/h URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mph-to-kph Convert mph to km/h instantly, right here. Miles per hour reads on US and UK speedometers and road signs, but most of the world, and all of motorsport's data, uses kilometres per hour. Converting mph to km/h turns an imperial speed into the metric figure the majority of drivers see. Q: How fast is 60 mph in km/h? A: Sixty miles per hour is about 96.6 km/h. The rule of thumb multiplies by 1.6, which lands just under the exact figure. ### mph to Knots URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mph-to-knots Convert mph to knots instantly, right here. Miles per hour is how speed reads on a car dashboard in the US and UK, but boats and aircraft measure speed in knots - nautical miles per hour. Converting mph to knots is what a sailor, pilot or forecaster does to put a land speed into marine and aviation terms. Q: Is a knot the same as mph? A: No - a knot is one nautical mile per hour, about 1.15 mph. So 10 knots is roughly 11.5 mph, and 60 mph is about 52 knots. ### Ounces to Grams URL: https://shard.tools/tools/ounces-to-grams Convert ounces to grams instantly, right here. Ounces appear throughout US recipes, postage tables and product weights, but a metric kitchen scale, a science task or a European form wants grams. Converting ounces to grams turns those imperial amounts into the metric figure the rest of the world measures in. Q: Is an ounce 30 grams? A: Close, but the exact figure is 28.35 grams. Rounding to 30 adds up over several ingredients, so this tool uses the precise value. ### Pounds to Kilograms URL: https://shard.tools/tools/lb-to-kg Convert pounds to kilograms instantly, right here. Convert a mass stated in pounds into kilograms for a parcel label, weight log or equipment specification. The formula is kilograms = pounds multiplied by 0.45359237. Q: How many kg is a pound? A: One international avoirdupois pound is exactly 0.45359237 kg. Dividing pounds by two is a rough estimate that overstates the result: 100 lb is 45.3592 kg on this display, not 50 kg. ### PSI to Bar URL: https://shard.tools/tools/psi-to-bar Convert psi to bar instantly, right here. PSI and bar are the two units pressure is quoted in - PSI (pounds per square inch) in the US and in much of the tyre and plumbing world, bar in Europe and in most technical and automotive specifications. Converting PSI to bar is what you need to set a tyre, a pump or a gauge specified in one against equipment reading the other. Q: How many PSI in a bar? A: About 14.5 PSI make one bar. A typical car tyre at 32 PSI is roughly 2.2 bar. ### pt to px URL: https://shard.tools/tools/pt-to-px Convert pt to px instantly, right here. Type sizes from print, from a word processor or from a PDF come in points, but a web or screen layout works in pixels. Converting points to pixels turns a print size into the on-screen value, using 96 pixels and 72 points to the inch. Q: What is 12pt in pixels? A: 12 points is 16 pixels at the CSS reference of 96px per inch. Every point is 1.333 pixels. ### px to pt URL: https://shard.tools/tools/px-to-pt Convert px to pt instantly, right here. Points are the print world's type unit; pixels are the screen's. Converting pixels to points bridges a screen design and a print spec, using the CSS reference of 96 pixels and 72 points to the inch. Q: How are px and pt related? A: By the CSS reference of 96px and 72pt per inch, so 1px is 0.75pt. That makes 16px exactly 12pt. ### px to rem URL: https://shard.tools/tools/px-to-rem Convert px to rem instantly, right here. In CSS, rem units scale with the user's root font size, which makes them the accessible choice for spacing and type - but designs and mockups are drawn in pixels. Converting pixels to rem lets a developer turn a pixel value from a design into the rem a stylesheet should use. Q: What base does this assume? A: The 16px browser default root font size, where 16px equals 1rem. If your root is set differently, divide by that value instead. ### rem to px URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rem-to-px Convert rem to px instantly, right here. Reading a stylesheet written in rem, a developer often wants the pixel value it resolves to - to match a design, to debug spacing, or to reason about actual sizes. Converting rem to pixels multiplies by the root font size. Q: Why might my rem not equal 16px? A: Because rem is relative to the root font size. If the page sets html { font-size } to something other than 16px, multiply by that value instead. ### Seconds to HH:MM:SS URL: https://shard.tools/tools/seconds-to-hms Convert seconds to hh:mm:ss instantly, right here. Durations often arrive as a raw count of seconds - from a log, an API, a video length - but people read time as hours, minutes and seconds. Converting seconds to HH:MM:SS turns that count into a clock-style duration. Q: How is the time formatted? A: As HH:MM:SS, zero-padded, with hours growing without limit. 3661 seconds becomes 01:01:01. ### Stone to Kilograms URL: https://shard.tools/tools/stone-to-kg Convert stone to kilograms instantly, right here. The stone is the unit the UK and Ireland still use for body weight - one stone is 14 pounds - while the rest of the world, and all of medicine, uses kilograms. Converting stone to kilograms is what a British person does to put their weight into the metric figure a doctor, a gym app or an international form expects. Q: How many kg is a stone? A: About 6.35 kg. One stone is 14 pounds, so 11 stone - a common adult weight - is roughly 69.85 kg. ### Tablespoons to Millilitres URL: https://shard.tools/tools/tablespoons-to-ml Convert tablespoons to millilitres instantly, right here. Recipes measure small volumes in tablespoons in the US and UK, but a metric kitchen with a measuring jug or a scale works in millilitres. Converting tablespoons to millilitres lets a metric cook follow a recipe written in spoons precisely rather than guessing. Q: How many ml in a tablespoon? A: About 14.79 ml for a US tablespoon (often rounded to 15 ml). A UK tablespoon is about 17.76 ml and an Australian one is 20 ml, so check the recipe's origin. ### Unix Timestamp to Date URL: https://shard.tools/tools/unix-timestamp-to-date Convert a Unix timestamp to a readable UTC date in your browser, handling seconds and milliseconds. A Unix timestamp is the number of seconds since the first moment of 1970, and it is how computers store time almost everywhere - in databases, logs, APIs and file metadata - because a single number is unambiguous and easy to compare. The trouble is that a person cannot read it. Q: Why is the result in UTC? A: Because timestamps are defined in UTC. Showing it in UTC avoids any timezone ambiguity; convert to local time separately if needed. ### Watts to Horsepower URL: https://shard.tools/tools/watts-to-horsepower Convert watts to mechanical horsepower, with the power basis made explicit. This calculator converts watts to mechanical horsepower for comparing engine and shaft-output ratings. It multiplies watts by 0.0013410221, a rounded representation of the conversion factor, and displays up to five decimal places. Q: How many watts in a horsepower? A: About 746 watts make one mechanical horsepower. So a 1.5 hp motor is roughly 1,119 watts. ## Encoding, ciphers & number bases ### Base32 Decode URL: https://shard.tools/tools/base32-decode Decode RFC 4648 Base32 into readable UTF-8 text, with missing padding and mixed case handled locally. Decoding Base32 turns one of those human-friendly strings back into the data it represents. Because Base32 is designed to be copied by hand, the input you receive is often imperfect: the padding equals signs may have been trimmed, the case may be wrong, spaces may have crept in from a line wrap. Q: Does it need the padding equals signs? A: No. Many systems strip them, so the decoder does not insist. It adds them back internally as needed. ### Base32 Encode URL: https://shard.tools/tools/base32-encode Encode text to Base32 in your browser. Uses the standard RFC 4648 alphabet. Base32 is Base64's less famous cousin, and it exists for the situations where Base64 causes trouble. Its alphabet is only the uppercase letters A to Z and the digits 2 to 7 - no lowercase, no punctuation, and deliberately no zero, one, eight or nine, because those look too much like the letters O, I, B and other characters when read aloud or written by hand. Q: How is Base32 different from Base64? A: It uses a smaller, human-friendly alphabet - no lowercase, no easily-confused digits - at the cost of being longer. It is meant for transcription, not compactness. ### Base64 Encoder and Decoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/base64-encoder-decoder Encode UTF-8 text to standard Base64 or decode Base64 back to Unicode text locally in your browser, with strict malformed and non-text error handling. Base64 turns bytes into printable ASCII characters so data can travel through text-oriented systems. It is encoding, not encryption: anyone can reverse it, and the output is usually about one-third larger than the original bytes. Q: Is Base64 encryption? A: No. It is a reversible representation of bytes and offers no password, key, secrecy, or tamper protection. ### Binary to Decimal URL: https://shard.tools/tools/binary-to-decimal Convert a binary number to decimal in your browser, with full precision for large values. Reading a binary number back into decimal answers the question a row of ones and zeros always raises: how big is it, really. Binary is excellent for seeing which bits are set and hopeless for grasping magnitude at a glance, so converting to decimal is how you translate a bit pattern into a size a person can reason about. Q: Does grouping into bytes matter? A: No. Spaces are ignored, so byte-grouped and run-together binary both convert. Grouping only matters when decoding text. ### Binary to Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/binary-to-text Convert binary back to readable text in your browser, decoding the bytes as UTF-8. Reading binary back into text is the reverse trip, and it is where the byte boundaries matter most. A binary message is a long string of ones and zeros, and the only way to turn it back into characters is to know where one byte ends and the next begins. Q: Why does it need spaces between bytes? A: Because binary has no built-in way to show where one byte ends. The spaces are the byte boundaries, and without them the stream cannot be split. ### Caesar Cipher URL: https://shard.tools/tools/caesar-cipher Encode or decode a Caesar cipher with any shift in your browser. Negative shifts reverse the encoding. The Caesar cipher is the oldest and most famous of the substitution ciphers, named for the Roman general who used it, and it is the natural next step from ROT13: instead of a fixed rotation of thirteen, you choose the shift. Each letter moves a set number of places through the alphabet, wrapping around at the end. Q: How do I decode a Caesar cipher? A: Shift by the same amount in the opposite direction. Enter the shift as a negative number here, or try values until it reads. ### Decimal to Binary URL: https://shard.tools/tools/decimal-to-binary Convert a decimal number to binary in your browser, with full precision for large values. Converting a decimal number to binary is where people first meet how computers count, and it stays useful well beyond the classroom, for anyone working with bit flags, masks and low-level protocols. Binary makes the individual bits of a number visible, which is exactly what you need when a value is really a set of on-off switches packed together - a permissions field, a hardware register, a feature-flags integer. Q: How is this different from text to binary? A: This converts a number to its binary value. Text to binary encodes characters as UTF-8 bytes and groups them. Different jobs. ### Decimal to Hex URL: https://shard.tools/tools/decimal-to-hex Convert a decimal number to hexadecimal in your browser, with full precision for large values. Converting a decimal number to hexadecimal is a daily task once you work near the machine, because hex is how memory addresses, colour values, permission masks and byte counts are conventionally written. The reason is that hex lines up neatly with bytes - every two digits is one byte - in a way decimal never does. Q: Does it handle numbers past 2^53? A: Yes. It uses arbitrary-precision integers, so a 64-bit or larger value converts exactly rather than being rounded. ### Hex to Decimal URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hex-to-decimal Convert a hexadecimal number to decimal in your browser, with full precision for large values. Going the other way, from hex to decimal, is what you do when a value written for the machine needs to be understood by a person or fed into arithmetic that thinks in tens. A colour component, a register value, a hash fragment: all are written in hex but often need their plain decimal size. Q: Will a big hex value stay exact? A: Yes. Arbitrary-precision integers are used, so even a 16-digit hex value converts without rounding. ### Hex to Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hex-to-text Convert hexadecimal back to text in your browser. Accepts spaced, joined and 0x-prefixed hex. Decoding hex back into text is the everyday companion to reading it, and the practical challenge is that hex arrives in many shapes. A debugger prints it spaced; a config file has it run together; a programming language writes each byte with a 0x prefix. Q: What formats of hex are accepted? A: Spaced, run-together, comma-separated and 0x-prefixed all work. The noise is stripped before decoding. ### HTML Entity Decoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/html-entity-decoder Decode HTML entities back into plain text in your browser, including numeric and named forms. HTML entities are how a web page smuggles special characters safely into its markup, and decoding them turns that page-safe form back into the plain text a person or a program actually wants. You meet encoded entities constantly: copied out of page source, extracted from a scraped document, returned by an API that escaped its output, or sitting in a data export where an ampersand has become the five characters that spell it out. Q: What forms of entity does it handle? A: Named entities like & and <, decimal numeric references like ', and hexadecimal ones like '. ### HTML Entity Encoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/html-entity-encoder Encode text as HTML entities in your browser so it displays as text instead of being interpreted as markup. Whenever text is placed inside a web page, a handful of characters are dangerous, because the browser reads them as instructions rather than content. A less-than sign starts a tag; an ampersand starts an entity; a quote can end an attribute. Q: Which characters get encoded? A: The five that HTML treats specially: & < > " and '. Everything else is left alone. ### JWT Decoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/jwt-decoder Decode a JSON Web Token and inspect claims and expiry in your browser. Your token is never transmitted. A JSON Web Token is three base64url segments joined by dots: a header describing the signing algorithm, a payload of claims, and a signature. Decoding reveals the first two instantly. Q: Is it safe to paste a production token here? A: This page decodes in your browser without sending the token in a request; verify that in the Network panel. Treat every bearer token as a live password, and rotate one if it was exposed to an untrusted service. ### ROT13 Encoder and Decoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rot13 Apply ROT13 to text in your browser. The same operation encodes and decodes, since it is its own inverse. ROT13 is the simplest cipher still in everyday use, and its charm is that it is its own inverse: rotating each letter thirteen places forward through the alphabet, then doing it again, brings you back to the start, because thirteen plus thirteen is twenty-six, a full loop. This makes it perfect for its actual purpose, which was never security. Q: Is ROT13 secure? A: Not at all. It is trivially reversible and offers no protection. It hides text from casual reading, nothing more. ### Text to Binary URL: https://shard.tools/tools/text-to-binary Convert text to binary in your browser. Each character becomes its UTF-8 bytes, grouped for readability. Turning text into binary is how you see what a computer actually stores when it holds a message, and it is a staple of learning how encoding works. Each character is not a single mysterious value but a sequence of bytes, and each byte is eight bits - eight ones and zeros. Q: Why is my emoji so many digits? A: Because it does not fit in one byte. UTF-8 uses up to four bytes for a character, and an emoji uses all four - thirty-two binary digits. ### Text to Hex URL: https://shard.tools/tools/text-to-hex Convert text to hexadecimal in your browser. Each character becomes its UTF-8 bytes in hex. Hexadecimal is how programmers read bytes, because two hex digits express one byte exactly and compactly where eight binary digits are unwieldy. Converting text to hex is a constant need when debugging: inspecting what a string really contains, spotting an invisible character that is breaking a parser, or preparing a value for a protocol that expects hex. Q: Why hex instead of binary? A: Two hex digits equal one byte and are far easier to read than eight binary digits. It is the standard way programmers view bytes. ### Unicode Escape URL: https://shard.tools/tools/unicode-escape Convert text into Unicode escape sequences in your browser, handling characters above the basic plane. A Unicode escape sequence writes a character as a code like backslash-u followed by its hex code point, and it exists for the places where a raw character cannot safely appear. Source code that must stay pure ASCII, a JSON string being embedded somewhere fussy, a config file whose encoding you do not trust: in all of them, escaping the non-ASCII characters sidesteps the question of whether the file's encoding will survive. Q: Why are emoji written with braces? A: Because they are above the basic plane and do not fit the four-digit form. The brace form holds the longer code point and decodes correctly. ### Unicode Unescape URL: https://shard.tools/tools/unicode-unescape Convert Unicode escape sequences back into readable characters in your browser. Unescaping reverses the process: it takes text peppered with backslash-u codes and turns them back into the characters they represent, so an accented word or an emoji stored as an escape sequence reads normally again. You meet escaped text wherever a file or a stream had to stay ASCII - JSON that a strict serialiser produced, a log line, a translation file, a value copied out of source code. Q: Does it handle emoji escapes? A: Yes. Both the four-digit form and the brace form for high code points are converted. ### URL Encoder and Decoder URL: https://shard.tools/tools/url-encoder-decoder Percent-encode and decode URLs in your browser, choosing between encoding a value inside a URL and encoding a whole address. Shows which characters differ. Percent-encoding looks like one operation and is actually two, which is why so many broken links trace back to it. Encoding a value that will sit inside a URL must escape the characters that give a URL its structure. Q: Is my text sent anywhere? A: No. Encoding and decoding both run in your browser using standard string functions. Nothing is transmitted, which matters because URLs frequently contain tokens and identifiers. ## Validators & formatters ### Base64 Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/base64-validator Validate Base64 text instantly in your browser. A Base64 validator confirms whether a string is genuinely valid Base64 before you try to decode it. Base64 turns binary - an image, a key, a token - into text made only of letters, digits and a few symbols, padded to a length that is a multiple of four. Q: What makes Base64 invalid? A: A character outside A–Z, a–z, 0–9, + and /; a length that is not a multiple of four; or wrong '=' padding. The tool says which. ### Cron Expression Explainer URL: https://shard.tools/tools/cron-expression-explainer Explain a cron expression instantly in your browser. A cron expression is five terse fields that decide when a scheduled job runs - and getting them wrong means a backup that never fires or a task that hammers a server every minute. The syntax is compact to the point of being cryptic: asterisks, slashes and ranges that are easy to misread. Q: What do the five fields mean? A: In order: minute, hour, day of month, month, and day of week. An asterisk means 'every', and */n means 'every n'. ### CSS Formatter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/css-formatter Format your CSS instantly, in your browser. A CSS formatter expands minified or messy stylesheet text into a clean, indented layout - one declaration per line, each rule spaced out - so it can be read and edited. Production CSS ships minified to save bytes, and CSS copied from a built site or a dev-tools panel often arrives as one dense run that is impossible to work with. Q: Does formatting change styles? A: No. Only whitespace changes, so the formatted stylesheet renders exactly like the original. ### CSS Minifier URL: https://shard.tools/tools/css-minifier Minify CSS instantly in your browser. A CSS minifier strips comments and whitespace from a stylesheet, shrinking it to the compact single-line form that production sites serve to load faster. Every byte of CSS is downloaded on every page load, so removing the spaces, newlines and comments that only exist for human readers is a simple, real performance win. Q: Does minifying change how the page looks? A: No. Only comments and whitespace are removed, so the rendered result is identical. ### CSV Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/csv-validator Validate CSV data instantly in your browser. A CSV validator catches the quiet way spreadsheets and exports go wrong: rows that do not all have the same number of columns, or a quoted field that is never closed. CSV looks trivial but is full of edge cases - commas inside quoted values, embedded newlines, stray quotes - and a single malformed row can throw off an entire import, shifting every column after it. Q: Why is my CSV misaligned? A: Usually an unescaped comma or an unclosed quote in one row, which changes its column count and shifts everything after it. The validator names the row. ### JSON Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-validator Validate your JSON instantly, in your browser. A JSON validator answers the one question that stops everything else: is this text actually valid JSON? A single trailing comma, an unquoted key or a missing brace makes a whole config file, API response or export unparseable, and the error a program throws is often cryptic about where. Q: Why is my JSON invalid? A: Common causes are trailing commas, single quotes instead of double, unquoted keys, or a missing bracket. The tool names the line and column so you can see which. ### SQL Formatter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sql-formatter Format SQL instantly in your browser. A SQL formatter takes a query crammed onto one line and lays it out so a person can read it - each major clause on its own line, columns broken out, keywords capitalised. Long queries arrive as unbroken strings from logs, code and ORMs, and they are almost impossible to review or debug in that state; a missing join condition or a misplaced filter hides easily. Q: Does formatting change my query? A: No. It changes only spacing and keyword case, so the formatted query returns exactly the same results as the original. ### SQL Minifier URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sql-minifier Minify SQL instantly in your browser. A SQL minifier does the opposite of a formatter: it strips comments and collapses a multi-line query onto a single compact line. That is what you want when a query has to be embedded in a string, a config value, a log line or a URL parameter, where newlines and indentation are noise or break the surrounding format. Q: Does minifying change results? A: No. Only comments and extra whitespace go; the query runs identically to its formatted version. ### XML Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/xml-validator Validate XML instantly in your browser. An XML validator checks that a document is well-formed: every tag closed, every pair matched, nothing overlapping. XML still carries a great deal of the world's data - RSS and sitemaps, SOAP and config files, office document internals - and a single unclosed or mismatched tag makes the whole document unparseable. Q: What does well-formed mean? A: That the tags follow XML's structural rules: everything is closed, pairs match, and nothing overlaps. It is the baseline every parser requires. ### YAML Validator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/yaml-validator Validate YAML instantly in your browser. YAML runs the world's configuration - CI pipelines, Kubernetes manifests, application settings - and its greatest strength, that whitespace carries meaning, is also its most common trap. One stray space, a tab where spaces were expected, or a misaligned list item changes the structure or breaks parsing entirely, often with an error that appears far from the real mistake. Q: Why does YAML break so easily? A: Because indentation defines structure. A misplaced space, or a tab instead of spaces, silently changes the shape or stops it parsing. The validator shows where. ## Color tools ### CMYK to RGB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/cmyk-to-rgb Convert a CMYK colour to RGB in your browser, to preview a print colour on screen. CMYK is the language of print - four ink percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow and black - but you cannot show ink on a screen, so to preview a print colour, or to bring one into a web design, you convert it to RGB. This does the standard arithmetic conversion from the four ink values to the three light channels a screen uses. Q: Is the preview accurate? A: It is an approximation. How a CMYK colour actually looks depends on paper and press, which a formula cannot capture. ### Hex to CMYK URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hex-to-cmyk Convert a hex colour to CMYK in your browser, to take a web colour toward print. A hex code is the natural home of a web colour, and CMYK is where a colour goes when it needs to be printed, so converting hex directly to CMYK is a shortcut designers reach for constantly: taking the brand colour from the website and getting its ink values for a business card, a flyer, or packaging. Internally the hex is read as RGB and then converted to the four ink percentages, but you skip straight from one to the other. Q: Is it accurate for print? A: It is a standard approximation. Final print colour depends on physical inks and paper, so use your printer's profile for critical work. ### Hex to HSL URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hex-to-hsl Convert a hex colour to HSL in your browser, the model that makes colours easy to adjust. HSL describes a colour the way a person tends to think about it - as a hue, a saturation and a lightness - rather than as amounts of red, green and blue, and converting a hex code into it is what lets you adjust a colour intuitively. Want a slightly lighter shade of the same colour, or a muted version, or the colour opposite it on the wheel? Q: Why use HSL over RGB? A: Because it matches how people think about colour. Lighter, more muted, or opposite are each one number changing in HSL, versus three in RGB. ### Hex to RGB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hex-to-rgb Convert a hex colour to RGB in your browser, accepting both three and six digit forms. Hex and RGB are two ways of writing the same colour, and converting between them is a constant small task in design and front-end work. A hex code packs the three colour channels into six digits - two for red, two for green, two for blue - which is compact and what CSS and design tools use by default. Q: Does it accept shorthand hex? A: Yes. A three-digit code like #3bf is expanded by doubling each digit before conversion. ### HSL to Hex URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hsl-to-hex Convert an HSL colour to a hex code in your browser. Hex is the compact, universal way to write a colour for the web - six digits that every design tool, stylesheet and component library accepts - while HSL is the comfortable way to choose one. Converting HSL to hex closes that loop: you adjust a colour intuitively as a hue, saturation and lightness, then emit the tidy hex code that everything downstream expects. Q: Why go through RGB? A: Hex is just RGB in base sixteen, so the conversion computes the channels first. You only see the final hex. ### HSL to RGB URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hsl-to-rgb Convert an HSL colour to RGB in your browser. HSL is the comfortable model for choosing and adjusting a colour, but the machinery underneath - canvases, graphics libraries, image buffers - almost always works in RGB. So once you have dialled in a colour as a hue, saturation and lightness, converting it to red, green and blue is how you get it into code that draws. Q: Is the conversion exact? A: Up to rounding to whole channels, yes. The formula is the exact inverse of RGB to HSL. ### RGB to CMYK URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rgb-to-cmyk Convert an RGB colour to CMYK in your browser, the model print uses. Screens make colour by adding light - red, green and blue - while print makes it by subtracting light with ink: cyan, magenta, yellow and a key black. The two models are fundamentally different, which is why a colour that glows on a monitor can look flat on paper, and converting RGB to CMYK is the first step in preparing a screen colour for print. Q: Is this print-accurate? A: No formula is. True print colour depends on inks, paper and press. This is a standard approximation for checking and estimating, not a colour-managed conversion. ### RGB to Hex URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rgb-to-hex Convert an RGB colour to a hex code in your browser, from any common RGB format. Converting RGB to hex is the return trip, and it is the one you make when a colour has come out of code or a calculation and now needs to go into CSS, a design file, or anywhere that expects the compact six-digit form. RGB expresses a colour as three numbers from 0 to 255; hex packs those same three numbers into two digits each. Q: What RGB formats are accepted? A: Full rgb() notation, bare comma-separated numbers, and space-separated values all work. The three channels are extracted from any of them. ### RGB to HSL URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rgb-to-hsl Convert an RGB colour to HSL in your browser, the model that makes colours easy to adjust. RGB describes a colour as amounts of red, green and blue light, which is how a screen builds it but not how a person thinks about it. HSL rewrites the same colour as a hue, a saturation and a lightness - three numbers that map onto the questions you actually ask when adjusting a colour. Q: Why convert to HSL? A: Because lighter, more muted, or opposite are each a single number changing in HSL, versus a three-channel adjustment in RGB. ## Code generation ### JSON to Go Struct URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-go Generate Go structs from a JSON sample in your browser, complete with json struct tags. Go's static typing means consuming a JSON API starts with declaring a struct that matches it, and doing that by hand is fiddly - every field needs both an exported Go name and a json tag mapping it back to the original key. Generating the struct from a sample handles both at once: paste the JSON, get the struct with its tags already written. Q: Are json tags included? A: Yes. Every field carries a json tag with the original key, so decoding round-trips correctly. ### JSON to JSON Schema URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-json-schema Generate a JSON Schema from a sample document in your browser, inferring types and required fields. JSON Schema is how you describe and validate the shape of JSON - what fields exist, what types they hold, which are required - and writing one by hand from scratch is laborious. Generating a draft from an example document gives you a running start: paste a representative sample, and get a schema that matches it. Q: Which draft does it target? A: JSON Schema draft 2020-12, with the schema declaration included in the output. ### JSON to Python Dataclass URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-python Generate Python dataclasses from a JSON sample in your browser, with type hints. A Python dataclass turns a shapeless dictionary of JSON into a typed object with named fields, and generating one from a sample is the quick way to get there. Paste the JSON, and get a dataclass with type hints already filled in - snake_case field names, the right primitive types, and nested dataclasses for nested objects. Q: Does it use type hints? A: Yes. Every field is annotated, and the necessary typing imports are included. ### JSON to Rust Struct URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-rust Generate Rust structs from a JSON sample in your browser, deriving Serialize and Deserialize. Rust's approach to JSON runs through serde, and that means declaring a struct that mirrors the data and derives Serialize and Deserialize. Writing those by hand for a real response is exacting work - every field typed, every name in snake_case, the derives remembered. Q: Are serde derives included? A: Yes. Every struct derives Serialize and Deserialize, ready for serde_json. ### JSON to TypeScript URL: https://shard.tools/tools/json-to-typescript Generate TypeScript interfaces from a JSON sample in your browser. Nested objects become their own interfaces. Writing a TypeScript interface by hand from a real API response is tedious and easy to get subtly wrong - a mistyped field, a missed nesting, a number where a string should be. Generating it from an actual sample removes the guesswork: paste the JSON your API really returns, and get the interface that matches it. Q: Does it handle nested objects? A: Yes. Each becomes its own named interface referenced by its parent, rather than an inline type. ## Generators (UUID, hash, password, QR) ### Hash Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hash-generator Produce SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 digests from text in your browser using Web Crypto. Nothing is uploaded, so pasting sensitive text is safe. A hash turns any amount of text into a fixed-length fingerprint. The same input always yields the same digest, a single changed character produces a completely different one, and the process cannot be run backwards. Q: Can a hash be reversed? A: No. So-called reverse lookup services simply search precomputed tables of common inputs. For anything unpredictable, the original cannot be recovered from the digest. ### Password Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/password-generator Generate strong passwords in your browser using crypto.getRandomValues, with entropy shown in bits. Nothing is transmitted, logged, or stored. The only thing that matters in a password generator is where the randomness comes from, and it is the one thing you cannot see by looking at the output. A password produced by a weak source looks exactly as scrambled as one produced by a strong source, right up until someone reproduces it. Q: Is the password sent anywhere or stored? A: No. It is generated in your browser and exists only in this tab. The site has no endpoint that could receive it, no analytics runs on the page, and nothing is written to storage. Closing the tab is the end of it. ### QR Code Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/qr-code-generator Make a QR code from a link or any text in your browser. No redirects, no expiry, no account, and nothing sent to a server. Most free QR generators do something they do not advertise: instead of encoding your link, they encode one of theirs that redirects to it. That gives them a record of every scan, and it means your code stops working the day they shut the service down or start charging. Q: Will this code expire? A: No. Your text is encoded directly into the pattern, so there is no service in the middle that could stop working. The code lasts as long as whatever it points to. ### QR Code Reader URL: https://shard.tools/tools/qr-code-reader Decode a QR code from a photo or screenshot and read its destination as text before following it. Runs in your browser. A QR code is unreadable to a human, which is exactly why it works as an attack. Stickers placed over genuine codes on parking meters, restaurant tables and charging points have become common enough to have a name, and the whole trick depends on the victim being unable to see the destination before their phone opens it. Q: Why read a code here instead of scanning it? A: Because a phone follows the code immediately, and you cannot see the destination before it does. Here the destination appears as text and nothing is opened. ### UUID Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/uuid-generator Generate one or a thousand version 4 UUIDs in your browser using a cryptographic random source. Copy them all at once, with nothing requested from a server. Generate random version 4 UUIDs for test records, request tracing and application identifiers. Each result is 36 characters: 32 hexadecimal digits separated by four hyphens in an 8-4-4-4-12 layout. Q: Are these requested from a server? A: No. They are produced in your browser. No network request is made when you generate, and the identifiers exist only in this tab until you copy them. ## Finance & business calculators ### Break-Even Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/break-even-calculator Calculate the first whole unit that covers fixed costs, and detect when the price makes break-even impossible. Break-even is the point where a business stops losing money, and the arithmetic behind it is simpler than the language around it suggests. Only one number really matters: the gap between what you charge for something and what that specific something costs you to provide. Q: What counts as a fixed cost? A: Anything you pay regardless of how much you sell - rent, permanent salaries, insurance, software. If the cost changes with each unit sold, it belongs in variable costs instead. ### Commission Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/commission-calculator Commission - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A commission calculator turns a sale amount and a commission rate into the commission earned - the figure a salesperson, agent or affiliate actually takes home from a deal. It also shows what is left for the business, so both sides of the split are clear. Q: How is commission calculated? A: Multiply the sale amount by the commission rate. The tool does it instantly and shows the company's net as well. ### Compound Interest Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/compound-interest-calculator Project savings growth with compounding and regular deposits. See principal and interest totals calculated in your browser. Compounding is the reason saving early beats saving more later, and it is also the reason the numbers feel wrong the first time you see them. Interest earns interest, so growth is not a straight line, and the final years of a long plan add far more than the first ones. Q: Are my figures stored or sent anywhere? A: No. The calculation runs in JavaScript on your own device. Nothing is transmitted, nothing is saved between visits, and the site has no endpoint that could receive the numbers. ### Debt Payoff Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/debt-payoff-calculator Debt Payoff - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A debt payoff calculator tells you how long it will take to clear a balance - a credit card, a loan - at a given interest rate and monthly payment, and how much interest you will pay along the way. It answers the question behind every repayment plan: at this payment, when am I actually free of this, and what is it costing me? Q: Why does my debt never pay off? A: Because the payment is at or below the monthly interest, so the balance barely moves. The tool flags this - raise the payment above the interest to make real progress. ### Discount Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/discount-calculator Discount - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A discount calculator takes an original price and a percentage off and shows both the money saved and the final price you will actually pay. It answers the everyday shopping question - what is 30% off this? Q: How do I calculate percent off? A: Multiply the price by the percentage, then subtract. The tool does it instantly and shows both the saving and the final price. ### Hourly to Salary Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/hourly-to-salary-calculator Hourly to Salary - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. An hourly-to-salary calculator turns an hourly wage into an annual salary, along with the monthly and weekly equivalents, so an hourly rate can be compared like-for-like against a salaried offer. Because the answer depends on how many hours you work a week and how many weeks a year, the tool takes both as inputs rather than assuming a standard year. Q: How do I convert hourly to salary? A: Multiply the hourly rate by hours per week and weeks per year. The tool also shows monthly and weekly equivalents. ### Inflation Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/inflation-calculator Work out what money will be worth later and what the same goods will cost. Runs in your browser with nothing sent anywhere. Inflation is usually explained with one number, and one number is not enough, because it answers two different questions that people routinely confuse. The first is what a basket of goods will cost in future: that figure grows. Q: Why are the two percentages different? A: Because they measure from different starting points. A 34% price rise means prices are 1.34 times higher; the buying power figure divides by 1.34, giving 0.744, so 25.6% of purchasing power is gone. Both describe the same change. ### Loan EMI Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/loan-emi-calculator Work out the monthly payment on a personal, car, or education loan and see the total interest the term will cost. Runs in your browser with nothing saved. Lenders advertise the monthly payment because it is the number that feels manageable. The number that decides whether a loan is a good idea is the total interest, and the two move in opposite directions when you change the term. Q: What does EMI mean? A: Equated Monthly Instalment: the fixed amount paid every month until the loan is cleared. The payment stays level, but its split between interest and principal shifts steadily towards principal. ### Loan to Value Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/loan-to-value-calculator Loan to Value - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A loan-to-value calculator works out your LTV ratio - the loan amount as a percentage of the property's value - and the equity you hold. LTV is the number mortgage lenders watch most closely: it decides the interest rate you are offered, whether you need mortgage insurance, and sometimes whether you are approved at all. Q: What is a good loan-to-value ratio? A: Lower is better - 80% or below often unlocks the best mortgage rates and avoids insurance. The tool shows your exact LTV and equity. ### Margin and Markup Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/margin-calculator Work out profit margin and markup together, or price for a target margin. Shows why a 50% markup is only a 33% margin. Use the margin calculator to inspect profit as a share of selling price or work backwards from a target margin to a price. With a cost of 80 and a selling price of 100, profit is 20 and margin is 20%. Q: What is the difference between margin and markup? A: Both describe the same profit. Markup divides it by the cost; margin divides it by the selling price. Since the price is higher, the margin percentage is always the smaller number. ### Markup Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/markup-calculator Markup - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. Set a selling price by adding a chosen percentage of cost. This markup calculator starts with the cost you enter, multiplies it by one plus the markup rate, and shows the price, profit and corresponding margin. Q: What is the difference between markup and margin? A: Markup is profit as a percentage of cost; margin is profit as a percentage of the selling price. A 40% markup is roughly a 29% margin. ### Mortgage Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mortgage-calculator Work out the monthly payment, total interest, and payoff date, then see what an extra payment each month actually saves. Nothing you type is sent anywhere. A mortgage payment is one formula and a great deal of misunderstanding. This calculator shows the payment, the full amortization schedule behind it, and the effect of overpaying - and it makes clear which costs are inside the number and which a lender will add later. Q: Why is my lender's monthly figure higher than this? A: Almost always because the lender is quoting an escrowed payment that bundles property tax and insurance alongside principal and interest. Mortgage insurance, charged when the deposit is under 20 percent, is another common addition. Ask for the principal-and-interest component and it should match closely. ### Net Profit Margin Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/net-profit-margin-calculator Net Profit Margin - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A net profit margin calculator takes revenue and total costs and returns both the net profit in money and the margin as a percentage of revenue - the single figure that tells you how much of every pound of sales you actually keep. It is the number investors, lenders and owners look at first, because two businesses with the same revenue can have very different margins. Q: What is a good net profit margin? A: It varies enormously by industry, so compare against businesses like yours. The tool gives the exact figure to compare. ### Overtime Pay Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/overtime-calculator Overtime Pay - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. An overtime pay calculator works out gross pay when some hours are paid at a higher overtime rate - the classic 'time and a half' or double time. It separates regular pay from overtime pay so you can see exactly what the extra hours are worth, and it takes the multiplier as an input because overtime rules differ by employer and country. Q: What is time and a half? A: An overtime multiplier of 1.5 - each overtime hour pays 1.5 times the normal rate. Enter 2 for double time. ### Percentage Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/percentage-calculator Work out percentages, percentage change, and increases or decreases. Four common questions, kept separate, in your browser. Four genuinely different questions all get called percentage, and confusing them is the usual reason an answer comes out wrong. What is 15% of 200? Q: Which option should I choose? A: Match it to your sentence. If you would say 'of', pick the first. If you are comparing a part to a whole, pick the second. If you are comparing before and after, pick change. If you are applying a discount or markup, pick increase or decrease. ### ROI Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/roi-calculator Calculate total and annualised investment return so results from different holding periods can be compared fairly in your browser. A headline return is close to meaningless without the time it took. Turning 5,000 into 8,200 is a 64% return, which sounds excellent until you learn it took nine years and therefore trailed a savings account. Q: What is the difference between total and annualised return? A: Total return is the whole gain as a percentage of what you invested, regardless of how long it took. Annualised return is the equivalent steady yearly rate. Only the second can be compared between investments held for different lengths of time. ### Salary to Hourly Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/salary-to-hourly-calculator Salary to Hourly - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A salary-to-hourly calculator turns an annual salary into the hourly rate it really represents, which is the honest way to compare a salaried job against hourly or freelance work - or to sanity-check whether a salary is worth the hours it demands. The result depends on your working week and year, so the tool takes both as inputs. Q: How do I convert salary to hourly? A: Divide the annual salary by the total hours worked in a year. The tool takes your weekly hours and weeks as inputs. ### Sales Tax Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sales-tax-calculator Sales Tax - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A sales tax calculator adds a tax rate to a pre-tax amount and shows both the tax and the total, so you know exactly what a purchase will cost at the register or what to charge on an invoice. Rates vary widely by place and category, so the tool takes the rate as an input rather than assuming one, which makes it work anywhere in the world. Q: Does it remove tax as well? A: This tool adds tax to a pre-tax amount. To extract tax from a tax-inclusive price, use the VAT calculator. ### Savings Goal Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/savings-goal-calculator Work backwards from a target and a date to the monthly saving that gets you there. Runs in your browser, nothing uploaded. Most savings calculators work forwards: you put in a monthly amount and they tell you what you end up with. That is the wrong direction for how people actually plan. Q: Why does the interest barely change my monthly figure? A: Over a short period contributions have little time to earn anything, so the rate hardly matters. Extend the horizon and the interest share grows quickly. ### Tip Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/tip-calculator Tip - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A tip calculator works out the gratuity on a bill, adds it to the total, and splits the whole thing between however many people are paying. It settles the two small frictions at the end of a meal - how much to tip, and what each person owes - in one step, and handles the awkward division that makes people reach for their phones anyway. Q: How much should I tip? A: That depends on local custom and service - the tool lets you set any percentage and shows the result instantly. ### VAT Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/vat-calculator Add VAT to a net price or extract it from a gross one. Removing VAT is division, not subtraction, and this shows the difference. Adding VAT is easy and almost nobody gets it wrong. Taking it back out is where the mistakes live, and they are surprisingly common on real invoices. Q: How do I remove VAT from a total? A: Divide by one plus the rate. At 20%, divide the gross by 1.2. Do not subtract 20%, which gives a different and incorrect answer. ## Construction calculators ### Brick Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/brick-calculator Estimate bricks from wall area, openings, brick coverage and a custom waste allowance - figures update as you type. A brick calculator estimates how many bricks a wall needs from its length and height, then subtracts doors and windows before adding a realistic waste allowance. That makes it useful for an early material estimate for a garden wall, house elevation, boundary wall, fireplace surround, or small repair. Q: How many bricks per square foot? A: About 7 modular bricks per square foot of wall face with a standard mortar joint. The tool uses that plus 10% waste; confirm for unusual brick sizes. ### Concrete Slab Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/concrete-calculator Concrete Slab - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A concrete slab calculator works out how much concrete a slab needs, in cubic yards and cubic feet, from its length, width and thickness - and estimates how many bags that is for a small pour. Ordering concrete is unforgiving: too little means a cold joint mid-pour, too much means paying for waste, so getting the volume right before you order or mix matters. Q: How much concrete do I need? A: Multiply length by width by thickness (in feet), then convert to cubic yards. The tool does this and estimates bags. ### Deck Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/deck-calculator Deck - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A deck calculator estimates the area of a deck and how many rows of boards it takes to cover, from the deck's dimensions and the width of your decking boards. Decking is bought by length and laid in rows, so the count that matters is how many rows of your chosen board width span the deck - plus an allowance for the small gaps between boards and the offcuts at the ends. Q: How many deck boards do I need? A: The result counts rows across the deck, not purchased stock boards. Multiply each row by its required length, then plan joints and cuts against available board lengths. Gaps and borders need separate layout checks. ### Drywall Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/drywall-calculator Drywall - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A drywall calculator estimates how many sheets a room needs from the wall length and height and the sheet size you are using. Drywall comes in fixed sheets - most commonly 4×8 feet, or 32 square feet each - so the real question is how many of those cover your walls, with an allowance for the offcuts every hang produces. Q: What size drywall sheet should I use? A: 4×8 ft (32 ft²) is standard and easy to handle; 4×12 ft means fewer joints but is heavier. Enter whichever you are buying and the tool counts the sheets. ### Fence Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/fence-calculator Fence - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A fence calculator works out how many posts and sections a run of fence needs from its total length and the spacing between posts. It is the first sum of any fencing job, and the one most often got wrong by one - because a fence of N sections needs N+1 posts, not N. Q: How many posts do I need for a fence? A: One more than the number of sections - a run of N sections needs N+1 posts. The tool adds that closing post automatically. ### Gutter Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/gutter-calculator Estimate gutter length and downspout count from measured eaves. Use this calculator to plan gutter runs and an initial downspout count, not to size a drainage system. Enter the roof edges that actually need gutters, rather than the building perimeter or sloping roof area. Q: Does this calculate gutter diameter or rainfall capacity? A: No. It uses length and spacing only. It does not model roof catchment area, rainfall, slope, gutter diameter or restrictions at bends and outlets. ### Mulch Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/mulch-calculator Mulch - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A mulch calculator works out how much mulch a garden bed needs from its length, width and the depth you want to lay, in both cubic yards - how bulk mulch is sold - and 2-cubic-foot bags. Buy too little and the bed shows through; buy too much and you have a mound of mulch to shift. Q: How deep should mulch be? A: 2–3 inches for most beds - enough to suppress weeds and hold moisture without smothering roots. The tool takes your depth and gives the volume. ### Paint Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/paint-calculator Paint - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A paint calculator estimates how many gallons a job needs from the wall dimensions, the number of coats and the paint's coverage rate. Buying paint is a guessing game otherwise - one gallon short means a second trip and a possible dye-lot mismatch, one too many means a shelf of leftover tins. Q: How much paint do I need? A: Multiply wall area by coats and divide by the coverage rate. The tool rounds up to whole gallons to buy. ### Paver Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/paver-calculator Paver - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A paver calculator works out how many pavers a patio or path needs from the area to cover and the size of a single paver. Pavers are laid across an area but bought as units, so the count is the area divided by the size of one paver - plus the extra you always need for the cuts around edges and curves and the odd one that cracks. Q: How many extra pavers should I buy? A: About 10% over the exact count for cuts and breakage, or 15% for diagonal patterns with more cuts. The tool includes 10% by default. ### Roofing Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/roofing-calculator Roofing - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A roofing calculator works out the true surface area of a roof - not just the footprint it covers, but the larger sloped area you actually have to shingle - from the building's length and width and the roof's pitch. It then converts that into roofing squares, the 100-square-foot unit shingles are sold and estimated in. Q: What is a roofing square? A: 100 square feet of roof surface. Shingles and estimates are quoted in squares, so converting your roof area to squares is how you order the right amount. ### Siding Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/siding-calculator Siding - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A siding calculator estimates the wall area to be clad and converts it into squares, the 100-square-foot unit siding is sold and estimated in. From the total wall length and height it gives the area and the squares, the figures a supplier needs to quote materials for cladding a house. Q: What is a square of siding? A: 100 square feet of wall coverage. Siding is estimated and often priced by the square, so converting your wall area to squares is how you order it. ### Tile Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/tile-calculator Tile - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A tile calculator works out how many tiles a floor or wall needs from the area and the tile size, and adds a waste allowance for the cuts and breakages every real job produces. Ordering the exact number is a mistake - a cracked tile or a bad cut at the end of the job means a delay and a dye-lot risk - so the tool builds in a margin you control. Q: How many tiles do I need? A: Divide the floor area by the area of one tile, then add a waste margin. The tool does both. ## Energy & solar calculators ### Battery Runtime Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/battery-runtime-calculator Battery Runtime - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A battery runtime calculator estimates how long a battery will power a given load, from its capacity in watt-hours, the load in watts, and the inverter's efficiency. It answers the practical question behind any backup, power station or UPS purchase: will this actually keep my things running long enough? Q: How long will my battery last? A: Divide usable capacity (capacity times efficiency) by the load in watts. The tool does it and warns real runtime is lower. ### Electricity Cost Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/electricity-bill-calculator Electricity Cost - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. An electricity cost calculator turns an appliance's power draw and how long it runs into what it actually costs you - per day, per month and per year. It is the quickest way to see whether an old fridge, a space heater or an always-on device is quietly running up your bill, and to judge whether replacing it pays off. Q: How do I calculate running cost? A: Multiply watts by hours to get watt-hours, convert to kWh, and multiply by your price. The tool does it all. ### Generator Size Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/generator-size-calculator Generator Size - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A generator size calculator works out the generator capacity you need from the total running watts of everything you want to power plus the surge that motors draw when they start. Undersize it and it stalls or trips when the fridge or pump kicks in; oversize it and you burn extra fuel idling. Q: Do I add up every appliance's surge? A: No - surges rarely coincide. Size for total running watts plus the single largest motor surge, which is what the tool does. ### Solar Battery Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/solar-battery-calculator Solar Battery - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A solar battery calculator sizes the battery bank you need to store a given amount of energy, in amp-hours, from your daily usage, how many days of backup you want, the battery voltage, and how deeply the batteries can safely discharge. Undersize the bank and you run flat overnight or in a cloudy spell; oversize it and you pay for capacity you never use. Q: What depth of discharge should I use? A: About 80–90% for lithium, 50% for lead-acid - going deeper shortens battery life. Enter the usable figure and the tool sizes the bank accordingly. ### Solar Panel Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/solar-panel-calculator Solar Panel - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A solar panel calculator estimates how many panels, and what system size, you need to cover a given daily energy use - a first, honest sizing before you talk to an installer. It works from your daily kilowatt-hours, the peak sun hours your location gets, and the wattage of the panels you are considering. Q: How many solar panels do I need? A: Divide daily use by sun hours to get system size, then by panel wattage. The tool does it and flags that real output is lower. ## Health calculators ### BMI Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/bmi-calculator BMI - figures update as you type, nothing leaves your browser. A BMI calculator works out your body mass index from your weight and height - a single number that places you in a broad band from underweight to obese. BMI is a quick, standardised screen used everywhere from doctors' offices to insurance forms, and while it is far from a complete picture of health, it is the figure most often asked for. Q: Is BMI accurate? A: It is a rough screen, not a diagnosis. It cannot distinguish muscle from fat or account for age and build, so use it as one indicator alongside others. ### Sleep Calculator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sleep-calculator Plan bedtimes or wake-up times around estimated sleep cycles without treating the result as a biological guarantee. A sleep calculator works backwards from a required wake-up time or forwards from a planned bedtime. It combines the time you expect to need before falling asleep with several estimated sleep cycles, then shows practical clock times for three to six cycles. Q: Are sleep cycles exactly 90 minutes? A: No. Ninety minutes is a planning estimate. NIH guidance describes cycles commonly restarting every 80 to 100 minutes, and the timing varies during the night and between people. ## Document generators ### Check File Requirements URL: https://shard.tools/tools/check-file-requirements Check whether a file meets an upload requirement locally, without sending the file to a server. Online forms often reject a file because one small property is wrong: the extension, byte size, image dimensions, or PDF page count. Choose the finished file and enter the requirements you were given. Q: Does this upload my file? A: No. The browser reads the selected file locally to measure its properties. No upload is needed to check the name, type, size, image dimensions, or PDF page count. ### Credit Note Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/credit-note-generator Create a credit note PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A credit note generator creates a credit note - the document that cancels or reduces a previously issued invoice - as a downloadable PDF. When a customer returns goods, cancels part of an order, or was overcharged, a credit note records the amount credited back against the original invoice, keeping both sides' accounts straight. Q: What is a credit note? A: A document that cancels or reduces a previous invoice - for a return, cancellation or overcharge. It records the amount credited back to the customer. ### Delivery Note Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/delivery-note-generator Create a delivery note PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A delivery note generator creates a delivery note - the document that accompanies goods and is signed on receipt to confirm what was delivered - as a downloadable PDF. It lists the items and quantities being delivered and serves as proof that the goods arrived, which matters when a dispute later turns on what was or was not received. Q: What is a delivery note for? A: It accompanies a delivery and is signed on receipt as proof of what was delivered. It lists items and quantities rather than prices. ### DOCX to PDF URL: https://shard.tools/tools/docx-to-pdf Convert DOCX to PDF locally in your browser, with layout preserved as closely as possible. Turning a Word document into a PDF is the most ordinary task in office software, and it is also the one where people most often hand a confidential file to a stranger. The documents that need converting are contracts, offer letters, medical forms, tax paperwork and CVs, and the usual free converter accepts them by upload, processes them on a server somewhere, and hands back a link. Q: Will it look exactly like Microsoft Word? A: No, and any converter claiming otherwise without embedding the original fonts is overstating it. The layout is reconstructed closely - page size, margins, styles, spacing, alignment, lists, tables and images - but the fonts are mapped rather than reproduced, so line breaks can fall differently. Documents with text boxes, charts or equations will differ more. ### Estimate Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/estimate-generator Create a professional estimate online for free, then download the completed estimate as a PDF - no account and nothing uploaded. Create a professional estimate online for free. Add your logo, business and customer details, line items, quantities, rates, taxes, references, validity date, custom project information and notes, then download the completed estimate as a PDF. Q: Does this get me an estimate from a contractor? A: No. This is a document maker for preparing your own estimate from prices and quantities you enter. It does not contact contractors, look up local labour rates or assess a job from photographs. Get the underlying prices first, then use the generator to present them to your customer. ### Invoice Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/invoice-generator Create an invoice PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. An invoice generator lets you create a professional invoice and download it as a PDF, without an account, a subscription, or your billing details ever leaving your device. You fill in who it is from and to, add line items with quantities and prices, set a tax rate and any notes, and the totals calculate as you type. Q: Is it really free with no account? A: Yes. There is no sign-up and no paywall. The invoice is built entirely in your browser and downloaded, so there is nothing to charge for and no data to collect. ### Packing Slip Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/packing-slip-generator Create a packing slip PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. Create a price-free list of what is inside a shipment. A packing slip helps the recipient match the physical contents to an order without exposing unit prices, tax or order value. Q: What is the difference between a packing slip and an invoice? A: A packing slip lists the contents and quantities of a shipment for checking; an invoice requests payment. Packing slips often omit prices entirely. ### Purchase Order Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/purchase-order-generator Create a purchase order PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A purchase order generator creates a professional purchase order - a PO - as a downloadable PDF, the document a buyer sends a supplier to formally request goods or services at agreed prices. It records what you are ordering, the quantities and unit prices, any tax, and a PO number the supplier will reference on their invoice. Q: What is a purchase order? A: A document a buyer issues to a supplier to formally request goods or services at agreed prices. Its PO number links the order to the supplier's later invoice. ### Quote Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/quote-generator Create a quote PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A quote generator produces a professional price quotation as a downloadable PDF, so you can give a prospective client a clear, itemised figure before any work begins. You list the items or services with quantities and prices, add a tax rate and terms, and the totals compute as you type - then the PDF is drawn in your browser and saved to your device. Q: What is the difference between a quote and an invoice? A: A quote is an offer stating what something will cost before work begins; an invoice requests payment after. This tool makes quotes; the invoice generator makes invoices. ### Receipt Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/receipt-generator Create a receipt PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A receipt generator creates a proof-of-payment receipt as a downloadable PDF - the document you give someone to confirm that money has been received. You record who paid, what for, the amount and any tax, and the totals compute as you type before the PDF is drawn in your browser and saved. Q: When do I use a receipt instead of an invoice? A: A receipt is issued after payment as proof it was received; an invoice is issued before, to request payment. This tool makes receipts; the invoice generator makes invoices. ### Rent Receipt Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/rent-receipt-generator Create a rent receipt PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A rent receipt generator creates a rent receipt - proof that a tenant has paid rent for a given period - as a downloadable PDF. Tenants need them for their records, for expense or benefit claims, and sometimes for tax; landlords issue them to confirm payment received. Q: Why do I need a rent receipt? A: As proof rent was paid - for the tenant's records, expense or benefit claims, and sometimes tax. It records the amount, payer and period covered. ### Work Order Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/work-order-generator Create a work order PDF in your browser - no account, nothing uploaded. A work order generator creates a work order - the document that authorises and describes a job to be done - as a downloadable PDF. Used by trades, maintenance teams and service businesses, it lists the tasks and any parts or materials with their costs, so the person doing the work and the client agreeing to it are working from the same brief. Q: What is a work order? A: A document that authorises and describes a job - the tasks, parts and costs - so the worker and client share one brief. Its number tracks the job to completion. ## Text tools ### Morse Code to Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/morse-to-text Translate Morse code back into readable text in your browser. Decoding Morse turns the dots and dashes back into words, and the difficulty is entirely in reading the spacing correctly, because that is what carries the structure. In written Morse, a single space between groups of symbols separates letters, and a larger gap - usually written as a slash - separates words. Q: Why is my output all single letters? A: The word gaps are probably missing. Words must be separated by a slash or a wide gap, or every letter is read as its own word. ### Remove Duplicate Lines URL: https://shard.tools/tools/remove-duplicate-lines Remove duplicate lines from text in your browser, keeping the first occurrence and the original order. Removing duplicate lines is how you clean a list that has accumulated repeats - an export that ran twice, a merged set of addresses, a log with the same entry recorded many times, a collection of tags with obvious overlaps. The task is simple to describe and has one meaningful choice: what to do with the order. Q: Which duplicate is kept? A: The first occurrence. Later repeats are removed, and the surviving lines keep their original order. ### Remove Extra Spaces URL: https://shard.tools/tools/remove-extra-spaces Remove extra spaces from text in your browser, collapsing runs and trimming each line. Text picks up messy whitespace constantly - double spaces left after editing, trailing spaces at the ends of lines, padding from a copy-paste out of a formatted document, stray tabs that a form rejects. Tidying it by hand is fiddly precisely because much of the mess is invisible: a trailing space looks like nothing at all until a comparison fails or a field complains. Q: Does it remove line breaks? A: No. It keeps the lines and only tidies the spaces within and around each. Use remove line breaks to join lines. ### Remove Line Breaks URL: https://shard.tools/tools/remove-line-breaks Remove line breaks from text in your browser, collapsing it into a single line without merging words. Text often arrives broken across lines when you want it in one continuous flow - a paragraph copied from a PDF where every line ends with a hard break, an email quote, a code comment reflowed by an editor, a message pasted from a narrow column. Removing those breaks sounds like simply deleting the newlines, but doing that naively causes a specific, annoying problem: where a line ended without a trailing space, the last word of one line runs straight into the first word of the next. Q: Why not just delete the newlines? A: Because where a line had no trailing space, deleting the break fuses two words. Replacing the break with a space avoids that. ### Reverse Text URL: https://shard.tools/tools/reverse-text Reverse text in your browser, correctly handling emoji and accented characters. Reversing text - writing it back to front - is used for puzzles, for novelty and mirror-writing effects, for testing how software handles unusual input, and occasionally for a simple obfuscation that anyone can undo. It seems like the most trivial operation imaginable, and for plain English it is. Q: Does it break emoji? A: No. It reverses by whole characters, so an emoji or accented letter stays intact rather than splitting into broken halves. ### Sort Lines URL: https://shard.tools/tools/sort-lines Sort lines of text alphabetically in your browser, with natural numeric ordering and a reverse option. Putting a list in order is a small task that comes up endlessly - arranging names, tidying a list of imports, ordering entries before a review, making two lists comparable by sorting both. Doing it by hand past a dozen items is tedious and mistake-prone. Q: Why does item10 come after item2 here? A: Because the sort is natural - it compares embedded numbers by value. A plain character sort would wrongly put item10 first. ### SRT to VTT URL: https://shard.tools/tools/srt-to-vtt Convert SubRip .srt subtitles to WebVTT for the HTML5 video track element. Runs entirely in your browser. If you have attached an .srt file to an HTML5 video track element and seen no captions at all, this is the conversion you need. Browsers implement WebVTT and only WebVTT for the track element; SubRip is not a supported format and is rejected outright rather than partially parsed, which is why the failure is silent. Q: Can I just rename the file to .vtt? A: No. The extension is not what browsers check. Without the WEBVTT header line the file is rejected, and the comma-separated timestamps would fail to parse even if it were not. ### Text Case Converter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/case-converter Convert text locally to upper, lower, title, sentence, camel, Pascal, snake, kebab, or constant case without uploading your content. Case conversion spans two different jobs. Editors need upper, lower, title, or sentence capitalization while developers need identifiers such as camelCase, PascalCase, snake_case, kebab-case, and CONSTANT_CASE. Q: Does Title Case follow AP or Chicago style? A: No. It capitalizes every token mechanically. Style-guide rules for articles, conjunctions, and prepositions require editorial context. ### Text to Morse Code URL: https://shard.tools/tools/text-to-morse Translate text into Morse code in your browser, with slashes marking word gaps. Morse code turns letters and numbers into patterns of short and long signals - dots and dashes - and although it is well over a century old, it endures because it needs almost nothing to send: a light, a sound, a tap, a flag. Translating text into Morse is a staple of amateur radio, of scouting and survival training, and of anyone building a project that flashes or beeps a message. Q: What do the slashes mean? A: They mark word gaps. A space separates letters within a word, and a slash separates words - both are needed to decode it back. ### URL Slug Generator URL: https://shard.tools/tools/slug-generator Turn a title into a lowercase URL slug locally. Remove punctuation, normalize accents, choose hyphens or underscores, and optionally preserve Unicode letters. A slug is the readable path segment that identifies a page, article, product, or record. Good slugs are stable, concise, and predictable; they are not a substitute for page quality or a magical ranking signal. Q: Should URLs use hyphens or underscores? A: Hyphens are the common public-URL convention. Underscores remain available for systems or filenames whose established policy requires them. ### VTT to SRT URL: https://shard.tools/tools/vtt-to-srt Convert WebVTT captions to SubRip .srt for VLC, editing software and services that require SRT. Runs in your browser. WebVTT files are what you end up with after downloading captions from a streaming platform or exporting from a browser-based editor, and SubRip is what a surprising amount of other software still demands. Video editing suites, broadcast workflows, older set-top players and many transcription services accept .srt and nothing else. Q: Will I lose any of the dialogue? A: No. Every cue's text is preserved. Only the positioning and styling information that SubRip cannot represent is removed, and the tool tells you how many cues that affected. ### Word and Character Counter URL: https://shard.tools/tools/word-counter Count words, visible characters, characters without spaces, lines, sentences, UTF-8 bytes, and estimated reading time locally as you type. A useful counter must explain what it counts. JavaScript string length measures UTF-16 code units, which can treat one visible emoji as two positions and split combined characters in surprising ways. Q: Are spaces included in the character count? A: The Characters value includes them, while No spaces removes all Unicode whitespace so both common interpretations are available. ## AI and MCP workflows - [Shard Tools MCP for AI-ready PDFs and images](https://shard.tools/guides/install-shard-tools-mcp): install the remote MCP in compatible assistants; create page-cited Markdown, PDF batches, image contact sheets, and hybrid local-render plans. ## Policies - About: https://shard.tools/about - Privacy: https://shard.tools/privacy (browser-local and Edge Assisted modes are disclosed separately) - Terms: https://shard.tools/terms